甲醛交联碱木质素-聚乙烯醇薄膜的透光性和透气性

为了提高工业碱木质素的利用价值,扩大碱木质素的应用范围,以工业碱木质素和聚乙烯醇为原料,以甲醛为交联剂,利用流延法制备了碱木质素-聚乙烯醇交联反应膜。通过单因素实验探索了碱木质素加入量、甲醛加入量、溶液pH值对碱木质素-聚乙烯醇(PVA,poly vinyl alcohol)反应膜透光性和透气性的影响。采用紫外可见分光光度计分析了薄膜的光学性能,压差法测定薄膜的透气性。采用SEM(scanning electron microscopy)和FTIR(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy)方法分析反应膜的表面形貌和化学结构,利用静态接触角测量仪测定薄膜的接触角。结果表明:碱木质素加入后,在紫外光区200～400 nm薄膜的透过率为零,对紫外线全吸收,在可见光区400～800 nm薄膜透过率降低,当碱木质素与PVA质量比为1:4时,在600 nm处薄膜的透过率为16.12%;随着甲醛加入量的提高,薄膜可见光区的透光率逐渐增大;随着pH值增大,木质素逐渐溶解,pH值为9时,薄膜600 nm处薄膜透过率为20.85%。与纯PVA薄膜相比较,碱木质素加入后薄膜二氧化碳和氧气的透气性都减小;经甲醛交联后,薄膜的氧气和二氧化碳的透过量都增大;pH值由小到大变化时,碱木质素-聚乙烯醇反应薄膜对二氧化碳和氧气的透气量先增大后减小。FT-IR表征说明碱木质素-聚乙烯醇薄膜结构中有醚键生成,碱木质素和PVA发生了交联反应;电镜图片显示碱木质素-聚乙烯醇反应薄膜表面较光滑;接触角分析说明碱木质素的加入增大了薄膜与水的接触角,薄膜表面亲水性降低,并且交联反应薄膜的接触角大于共混薄膜的接触角,交联提高了薄膜的耐水性。与戊二醛相比甲醛做交联剂时碱木质素和PVA之间的交联反应程度更大,交联薄膜在可见光区的透光性更大。薄膜对紫外线吸收主要是受碱木质素的影响。碱木质素-聚乙烯醇反应膜可作为良好的紫外吸收材料,应用于地膜中。     

Mathematical Model of Methane Transport in Coal Seam

This paper studies the effects of ground stress and ground electrical field onmethane transpont in coal seam. A gas seepage equation is set up based on the principles of seepagetheory,which takes the ground stress and ground electrical field into considerationz     

崩岗堆积土体渗透特性及剖面水分特征——以广东省五华县莲塘岗崩岗为例

[目的]崩岗内部堆积土体是侵蚀的主要物质来源。通过对其渗透过程进行研究,揭示其中的规律性,探索崩岗的侵蚀机理。[方法]采用自制双环渗水试验装置,结合PR2/6土壤剖面水分测定仪,在广东省五华县莲塘岗崩岗野外现场进行渗水试验。[结果](1)崩积锥稳渗率在0.58~2.41mm/min之间,3个试验点平均稳渗率为1.37mm/min,沟道土体平均稳渗率高达5.58mm/min,渗透过程以重力流为主,土体结构稳定;(2)入渗速率与时间成负指数幂函数关系,符合Kositakov模型;(3)初始含水率越高,湿润锋移动速度越快,影响范围越深,稳渗时湿润锋深度在600~1 000mm及以上;(4)土体剖面含水率分布受土体非均质性的影响,自上而下呈波动式下降。[结论]崩岗堆积土体最大失稳深度至少为600~1 000mm,甚至可以达到1 000mm以上,崩积锥的非均质性具有阻渗作用,易形成滞水层并发生潜蚀,对崩岗侵蚀过程产生影响,是渗透研究的重点。     

土壤干旱胁迫对玉米叶片水分状况、膜透性及酶抗氧化系统的影响

A simulation experiment on the responses of maize （Zea mays L.） from the third leaf stage to maturity for different soil water levels （well-watered, moderately stressed, and severely stressed） was conducted by controlling irrigation and using a mobile rain shelter in a neutral loam, meadow soil to determine the effects on leaf water status, membrane permeability and enzymatic antioxidant system for different growth stages. The results indicated that drought stress relied on drought intensity and duration, with more severe drought stress creating more serious effects on maize. Compared with wellwatered conditions, during the silking and blister stages moderate stress did not significantly change the relative water content （RWC） and did change significantly the relative conductivity （RC） （P 〈 0.05） of the leaves; however, severe stress did significantly decrease （P 〈 0.01） the leaf RWC and increase （P 〈 0.01） membrane permeability （leaf relative conductivity）. Furthermore, under severe drought stress antioxidant enzyme activities declined significantly （P 〈 0.01） in later stages, namely for superoxide dismutase （SOD） the tasseling and blister stages, for peroxidase （POD） the milk stage, and for catalase （CAT） during the tasseling, blister, and milk stages. Meanwhile, membrane lipid peroxidation （measured as malondialdehyde content） significantly increased （P 〈 0.01） in all stages.     

泾河南塬黄土的渗透特征及孕灾机制

[目的]分析泾河南塬黄土的渗透各向异性特征,并探讨该地区滑坡的孕灾机制,以期为黄土分布区雨水入渗型滑坡的灾害防治提供指导。[方法]通过野外调查和渗透试验,分析该地区裂隙土以及不同土层的渗透特征。[结果]裂隙土的渗透系数远大于均质土,裂隙的存在为水的入渗提供优势渗流通道。不同土层渗透系数对比表明,马兰黄土因大、中孔隙多以及节理裂隙发育,其渗透系数最大,而古土壤的渗透系数最小。[结论]泾河南塬黄土具有明显的渗透各向异性,水与裂隙共同作用已成为该地区的一种恶性灾害链模式。     

Modern forestry vehicles and their impacts on soil physical properties

“Close-to-nature forest stands” are one central key in the project “Future oriented Forest Management” financially supported by the German Ministry for Science and Research (BMBF). The determination of ecological as well as economical consequences of mechanized harvesting procedures during the transformation from pure spruce stands to close-to-nature mixed forest stands is one part of the “Southern Black Forest research cooperation”. Mechanical operations of several typical forest harvesting vehicles were analysed to examine the actual soil stresses and displacements in soil profiles and to reveal the changes in soil physical properties of the forest soils. Soil compaction stresses were determined by Stress State Transducer (SST) and displacement transducer system (DTS) at two depths: 20 and 40 cm. Complete harvesting and trunk logging processes accomplished during brief 9-min operations were observed at time resolutions of 20 readings per second. Maximum vertical stresses for all experiments always exceeded 200 kPa and at soil depths of 20 cm for some vehicles and sequences of harvesting operations approached ≥500 kPa. To evaluate the impacts of soil stresses on soil structure, internal soil strengths were determined by measuring precompression stresses. Precompression stress values of forest soils at the field sites ranged from 20 to 50 kPa at soil depths of 20 cm depth and from 25 to 60 kPa at soil depths of 40 cm, at a pore water pressure of −60 hPa. Data obtained for these measured soil stresses and their natural bearing capacities proved that sustainable wheeling is impossible, irrespective of the vehicle type and the working process. Re-occurring top and subsoil compaction, increases in precompression stress values in the various soil horizons, deep rut depths, vertical and horizontal soil displacements associated with shearing stresses, all affected the mechanical strengths of forest soils. In order to sustain naturally “unwheeled” soil areas with minimal compaction, it is recommended that smaller machines, having less mass, be used to complete forest harvesting in order to prevent or at least to maintain currently minimal-compacted forest soils. Additionally, if larger machines are required, permanent wheel and skid tracks must be established with the goal of their maximum usefulness for future forest operations. A first step towards accomplishing these permanent pathways requires comprehensive planning with the Federal State Baden-Württemberg. The new guideline for final opening with skid tracks (Landesforstverwaltung Baden-Württemberg, 2003) proposes a permanent skid track system with a width of 20–40 m.     

风和风沙流对玉米幼苗叶片膜透性和膜保护系统的影响

为了解玉米幼苗对风和风沙流危害的生理响应机制,2013年春季在内蒙古自治区东部科尔沁沙地研究了0 m·s-1(CK)、6 m·s-1、9 m·s-1、12 m·s-1、15 m·s-1和18 m·s-1等6个风速下净风和风沙流(风沙流强度相应为0g·cm-1·min-1、1.00 g·cm-1·min-1、28.30 g·cm-1·min-1、63.28 g·cm-1·min-1、111.82 g·cm-1·min-1和172.93 g·cm-1·min-1)10 min吹袭对玉米幼苗叶片膜透性影响及其膜保护系统响应。结果表明,净风吹袭下,随风速增强,玉米幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性趋于增加,膜透性和过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量呈波动式变化;其中12~18 m·s-1处理的SOD活性,6 m·s-1和12~18 m·s-1处理的POD活性,6 m·s-1和12 m·s-1处理的CAT活性,以及6 m·s-1处理的可溶性糖含量和18 m·s-1处理的脯氨酸含量显著高于CK。风沙流吹袭下,随着风沙流强度增大,玉米幼苗MDA含量、SOD活性和可溶性糖含量趋于下降,但膜透性和POD活性显著增强,除18 m·s-1处理的脯氨酸外,其他处理的CAT活性和脯氨酸含量变化不显著。结果说明,短暂的净风吹袭对于玉米幼苗叶片的细胞膜危害不明显,而风沙流胁迫致其细胞膜结构受损严重;风和风沙流胁迫下对细胞膜起到保护作用的主要是POD,在18 m·s-1大风和风沙流胁迫下脯氨酸起到了渗透调节作用。     

干湿循环下崩岗土体裂隙发育对其渗透性能的影响

渗透是崩壁降雨重分布的关键且直接影响其重力侵蚀过程。试验设计6次干湿循环,通过进行崩壁4层土壤的饱和渗透试验并结合数字图像处理技术,研究了干湿循环效应下崩壁4层土的裂隙演化规律及其对各层土饱和渗透性能的影响。结果表明:(1)随干湿循环次数的增加,表土层和红土层裂隙发育明显,裂隙率逐渐增加后趋于稳定,过渡层和砂土层几乎没有产生裂隙;表土层在第3次循环后裂隙几乎发育完全,裂隙率达到3.50%,形态纤细且破碎,而红土层在第1次循环后裂隙骨架基本定型,随着干湿循环的进行,裂隙宽度不断增大至一定程度时不再发生变化;(2)4层土壤渗透系数大小为砂土层>过渡层>红土层>表土层,表土层和红土层渗透系数随干湿循环的进行逐渐增加后趋于稳定,过渡层一直比较稳定,砂土层逐渐减小后趋于稳定;(3)土壤裂隙率与渗透系数之间存在二次函数关系,裂隙发育对土壤渗透性能的影响先增大后减小。研究结果可为降雨入渗-重分布下崩壁失稳机理研究提供科学依据。     

祁连山东段高寒植被类型对土壤理化特征的影响

[目的]探讨祁连山东段不同高寒植物的土壤理化特征,为区域水资源合理利用提供理论依据.[方法]对祁连山东段6种灌丛植被和高寒草地的土壤基本性状、土壤持水能力和土壤渗透性进行了相关指标的测定.[结果]①祁连山东段高寒植被的土壤容重随着土层深度的增加而增大,土壤含水量则随着土层深度的增加而降低.②祁连山东段土壤总孔隙度随着土...     

Physical properties of a Luvisol for different long‐term fertilization treatments: I. Mesoscale capacity and intensity parameters

The physical properties of a Luvisol derived from loess near Bonn, Germany, under different long‐term fertilization treatments were examined. For the investigation of the impact of farmyard manure (FYM) on soil strength at the mesoscale (100 to 300 cm³ soil cores), undisturbed samples were taken from two different depths (10 and 40 cm), either with no fertilization at all, with full mineral fertilization, with FYM only, and with both mineral and organic fertilization. We investigated hydraulic and mechanical parameters, namely precompression stress, pore‐size distribution, saturated hydraulic and air conductivity, and calculated pore connectivity. Long‐term organic fertilization resulted in significantly more and coarser pores which in addition were more conductant and mechanically stronger by trend. Mineral fertilization also increased pore volume by trend but not pore functionality. Mechanical strength generally increased with fertilization by trend, however, was reduced again when organic and mineral fertilization were combined. Nonetheless, FYM led to relatively higher soil strength as the FYM‐treated plots with lower bulk density attained similar soil strength as the unfertilized but denser plots and thus supported the soil‐improving impact of organic amendments. The subsoil physical properties were rather unaffected by fertilization, but were dominated by texture.