谷精草属六个种的同工酶聚类分析

本文对谷精草属6个种的POD、EST、MDH和AMY同工酶分别进行了电泳分离,采用STATISTICA/W4.5软件对酶谱的不同相似性系数进行聚类分析,进而绘出树系图。同工酶酶谱及其聚类分析的结果与现有的形态学分类系统基本相符,首先将E.sexangulare Linn.、E.alperstre与E.buergerianum分为一支,将E.kunmingense Z.X.Zhang、E.nepalense Prescottex Bongard与E.cinereum R.Brown并为一支,且它们是平行进化的关系。在第一支中,E.alperstre与E.buergerianum亲缘关系更近。     

延边地区紫苏保护技术的研究

紫苏是延边地区的重要经济作物之一．但目前随着种植年限的延续，开始大量发生虫害、病害以及草害等，从而导致减产、降效，严重影响苏子生产．研究结果表明，延边紫苏地适宜土壤处理的除草剂为敌草胺与扑草净的混剂，使用剂量为3kg／hm^2 5kg／hm^2，一年生杂草除草效果可达到90％以上；茎叶处理除草剂为拿捕净(12．5％，1．0kg／hm^2)、稳杀得(35％，1．0kg／hm^2)、精禾草克(5％，1．0kg／hm^2)；紫苏的主要病害为锈病，对紫苏叶片质量影响较大；主要食粒虫害(待定)对产量的影响较大．     

萝芙木人工繁殖研究进展

萝芙木是一种重要的药用植物,从其根中提制的生物碱利血平具有良好的降压和镇静效果。萝芙木的市场需求大,野生资源日益减少,自然状态下繁殖率低,大规模人工繁殖和栽培萝芙木是解决问题的关键。该试验从种子育苗、营养繁殖和组织培养3个方面对萝芙木的人工繁殖技术进行了介绍,指出传统育苗与现代生物技术相结合是解决萝芙木种苗短缺的有效途径。     

海水养殖废水浇灌下不同盐生经济植物生理特征及其比较

采用大田试验,研究了无施肥条件下海水浇灌(对照)、1∶1海水养殖废水(1∶1养殖废水处理)、全海水养殖废水(全养殖废水处理)处理以及施肥条件下海水浇灌(施肥处理)对海蓬子和碱蓬植株生长与生理特性的影响。结果表明:1∶1养殖废水处理的植株地上部干重(DW)显著高于对照,但全养殖废水处理植株地上部DW低于对照;施肥处理植株地上部DW明显高于所有对照和其他处理,随着生育期的延长,上述效应愈加明显,尤其体现在碱蓬植株上。与施肥处理相比,两配比养殖废水灌溉抑制了2种植物生长,降低了植株地上部氮磷(NP)含量、叶绿素含量(CHL)含量和可溶性蛋白(SP)含量,并随养殖废水配比上升而降低越显著;相反,2种植物细胞相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量却随着养殖废水配比的上升而升高,碱蓬的上升比海蓬子更为明显。与对照相比,1∶1养殖废水不同程度提高了2种植物DW、CHL含量、植株地上部NP含量、内肽酶、羧肽酶、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及SP和游离氨基酸(FAA)含量;并且,随着养殖废水配比的上升,2种植物以上各指标却不同程度地下降。综上所述,1∶1养殖废水处理可有效促进2种植物叶绿素合成,提高SOD、POD活性,降低MDA积累量,减少细胞膜受损,进而加快植株生长,增加NP吸收。2种植物相比,碱蓬对海水养殖废水浓度的生理响应较海蓬子敏感。1∶1养殖废水处理可很大程度上替代肥料的施用,从而降低环境污染。     

HPLC法测定乌韭的荭草苷和牡荆素含量

建立乌韭地上部分荭草苷和牡荆素含量的测定方法,检测不同产地乌韭中两种黄酮苷的含量,对乌韭资源进行评价.用超声波提取法提取,反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定,GeminiC18色谱柱,乙腈/1%磷酸溶液(体积比15∶85)为流动相,流速1 mL/min,检测波长340nm.荭草苷在0.025～0.148μg范围内有良好的线性关系,加样回收率为100.61%,相对标准偏差(RSD)2.18%;牡荆素在0.035～0.207 μg范围内有良好的线性关系,加样回收率为99.77%,RSD 2.37%.云南丘北所产乌韭的荭草苷和牡荆素质量分数都是最高,分别达到0.116 6%和0.145 7%,移栽到南京地区1年后荭草苷含量下降,牡荆素含量增高.以荭草苷和牡荆素含量为指标,云南丘北所产乌韭是较好的种源.     

一种鉴定菜用枸杞的新方法——nrDNA ITS测序法

笔者以5种菜用枸杞为试验材料,开展nrDNA ITS序列分析研究,探索适宜于枸杞nrDNA ITS序列分析的优化技术体系,从而为建立分子水平的菜用枸杞鉴定标准提供参考。     

Artificial infection of Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. and defence responses to Exobasidium species

An inoculation method for Exobasidium splendidum and Exobasidium vaccinii was developed on the dwarf shrub Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Using inoculated ramets, we investigated whether there are differences between V. vitis-idaea populations in the susceptibility to Exobasidium infections and whether the defence reaction of V. vitis-idaea is visible at a molecular level. Sixteen V. vitis-idaea clones from four populations were propagated in tissue cultures and the ramets were inoculated with E. splendidum or E. vaccinii fungi. The expression of three flavonoid biosynthetic genes (chalcone synthase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and anthocyanidin synthase) and the accumulation of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids were determined in response to E. splendidum infection. A pathogenesis-related (PR 4) gene was isolated and its expression was studied in host ramet leaves. To our knowledge, this was the first successful artificial infection reported with E. splendidum. Disease frequencies of the inoculated ramets were between 32% and 47% for E. splendidum and 33% for E. vaccinii, but below 10% in uninoculated control ramets. There were no differences in disease frequencies between V. vitis-idaea populations. Both symptomatic leaves and healthy leaves of diseased ramets showed activation of flavonoid biosynthesis at the gene level, whereas expression of PR 4 was observed only in symptomatic leaves. The increase of flavonoid biosynthesis in healthy leaves of diseased ramets may represent a general response to stress or a role in defence against the pathogen E. splendidium. Ability of V. vitis-idaea to defend chemically against Exobasidium fungi and the heterogeneity of genotypes, age, size, and growth rates in host plant populations might be reasons for the low infection incidence of Exobasidia in nature.     

紫茉莉品系观赏性状与遗传多样性的AFLP分析

[目的]紫茉莉(Mirabilis jalapa Linn)是中国传统乡土花卉,研究不同种质的观赏性状,对利用这些资源进行杂交育种筛选后代、提高育种的针对性和加快育种进程具有重要的意义.[方法]本研究对具代表性的9个紫茉莉品系进行了株高、花型、花色、童期等观赏性状的比较,并利用扩增片段长度多态性(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP)分子标记技术进行分析.[结果]紫茉莉的观赏性状主要包括株高、花型、花色、童期等,传统分类法可分为高株系统和矮株系统,花型为重瓣和单瓣,其花色有白色、粉色共9种颜色,多样性丰富.通过AFLP技术,采用8对引物组合共扩增出2 569条谱带,其中多态性条带2 488条,多态性条带比率为96.85％,平均每对引物扩增出321个位点,311个多态性位点.9个品系的相似性系数在0.2357～0.6493之问,平均值为0.4425,每个位点的有效等位基因数为1.2044,平均多样性指数为0.2127,遗传相似性系数最高的是5号和8号,达到0.6493,最低的是3和7,为0.2357.[结论]根据遗传相似性系数进行聚类分析,可将紫茉莉品系分为矮株型Ⅰ类和高株型Ⅱ类,分子聚类结果与表型性状特征分类结果较为一致,而在每一类中具体的观赏性状聚类存在一定差异.通过形态性状与分子标记为紫茉莉品系的研究,为进一步育种利用提供参考.     

基于P-糖蛋白基因表达评价尼罗罗非鱼体内恩诺沙星代谢“首过效应”

为从药物酶的角度建立一种客观评价鱼类"首过效应"的方法,利用荧光定量PCR法测定尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochomis niloticus Linn)肝、肾组织中P-糖蛋白(P-gp)基因表达量,分析了单剂量(40 mg.kg 1)口服给药恩诺沙星(enrofloxacin,ENR)后,尼罗罗非鱼肠道、肝组织中mRNA水平的相对表达量与ENR血药浓度的时实相关性。实验结果显示:在尼罗罗非鱼肠道、肝组织中,P-gp基因在分子量127 bp处出现了与预期大小相符的特异性扩增片段。对尼罗罗非鱼口灌给药ENR后,ENR能迅速通过肠道进入血浆,其在肠道、肝和血浆中的消除速度较快,其药物时量曲线关系符合一级吸收的二室开放动力学模型。当血浆中ENR浓度达到最高达峰时(1 h),实验组肠道和肝中P-gp基因的相对表达量相对于对照组均表现出显著性差异(P<0.05);当肠道中ENR浓度达到最高峰时(2 h),实验组肠道P-gp基因的相对表达量则表现出极显著差异(P<0.01);当肝中ENR浓度达到最高峰时(2 h),实验组肝P-gp基因的相对表达量与对照组相比则表现出显著性差异(P<0.05)。该结果证实了鱼类P-gp基因参与药物代谢过程,提供了一种从分子水平揭示水产动物体内药物代谢规律的思路。     

Lepidoptera larvae as food for capercaillie chick (tetrao urogallus): A field experiment

Lepidoptera larvae are important prey for capercaillie chicks {Tetrao urogallus), but utilization varies among habitats. This field experiment investigates the effects of larval feeding behaviour, abundance and the density of bilberry (Vacciniwn myrtillus) on utilization of larvae by a group of four capercaille chicks and also tests whether chick utilization differs between wet and dry coniferous forest. In fenced plots, four hand‐raised chicks were released for a 15 min feeding period. Reduction of geometrid larvae was correlated positively with their abundance but correlated negatively with bilberry density. Geometrids had a much higher predation risk than pyralids and tortricids, probably because they are exposed while feeding, in contrast to pyralids and tortricids. Total reduction of lepidoptera was higher in wet than dry forest, probably due to a higher proportion of geometrid larvae, and lower density of bilberry in the wet forest. The manner of insect feeding and habitat type (e.g. wet and dry forest), which influence bilberry density, therefore may be important factors to consider when assessing or managing habitat quality for capercaillie chicks.