Detrimental effects on villus form during conventional oralrehydration therapy for diarrhoea in calves; alleviation by a nutrient oral rehydration solution containing glutamine

This paper examines the possibility that treatment of diarrhoea with conventional oral rehydration solutions (ORSs) may be detrimental to villus structure by imposing nutrient deprivation and that such detrimental effects may be reduced or avoided by using a nutrient ORS. A conventional WHO-type ORS (W) was compared with two nutrient solutions (N and G) both containing high glucose concentrations and the latter containing glutamine; their effects on enteric structure were assessed by morphometric analysis of samples obtained from diarrhoeic calves after 96h treatment. Comparisons were also made with samples from controls and diarrhoeic calves at the stage where oral rehydration would have begun in the treated groups. As in our previous ORS studies, diarrhoea was induced with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (09:K30:K99). We measured villus length and width, crypt depth and width and calculated villus surface area in proximal, mid and distal small intestine (PSI, MSI, DSI), using standard morphometric techniques. Proximal and distal spiral colon samples (PC, DC) were examined for crypt depth and width; mitoses per crypt were counted in samples from all regions. Non-diarrhoeic calves showed the expected gradient of villus length through PSI, MSI and DSI, hence data for each region are normalized as a percentage of the control value for that region. PSI showed the greatest loss of villus length and surface area (50%) with diarrhoea. In MSI and DSI the villus loss was greater with solution W and N or G, as were increased mitoses and crypt depth. Crypt depth and mitoses also increased in the colon with solution W. Colonic crypt width increased with diarrhoea and conventional oral rehydration but less so with G; there is reason to believe that such changes have functional significance. Crypt changes in colon, MSI and DSI were least with solution G. The changes developing in diarrhoeic calves prior to treatment were thus less apparent in those treated with a nutritional ORS, particularly if it contained glutamine.     

上皮间质转化促乳腺癌机制及药物干预治疗研究进展

乳腺癌是犬、猫等伴侣动物与人类常发疾病,作为人类及动物常患恶性肿瘤和主要致死肿瘤之一,其疾病负担仍呈逐步加重趋势,乳腺癌的预防及治疗形势愈加严峻。上皮间质转化(EMT)是乳腺癌发生发展中重要的生物学过程。EMT还可促进恶性肿瘤的侵袭、扩散及耐药,因此它在肿瘤的研究中日益受到关注,靶向于EMT是治疗乳腺癌的重要研究方向与热点。文章就EMT发生过程中细胞形态功能及标志物的变化、EMT分类及EMT与乳腺癌的关系分别展开论述,详细解析了EMT相关TGF-β/Smad、NF-κB及Wnt信号通路转导途径;随后对乳腺癌治疗药物研究进展,包括TGF-β/Smad通路抑制剂开发,相关药物、基因及细胞因子治疗前景、NF-κB通路与Wnt通路抑制剂的动物试验研究结果进行了详细论述;最后对乳腺癌的治疗发展与趋势进行了展望。深入认识信号通路调控乳腺癌EMT的生物学过程,明确其发生发展机制,寻找关键靶点及开发靶向药物,将为乳腺癌的精准治疗带来曙光。     

共词聚类分析法的类团实例研究——对肿瘤治疗热点主题的分析

共词聚类分析法是共词分析法中的一种。它借助聚类算法把关系相对密切的主题聚集成类团 ，一个类团代表一个研究点，通过对类团的分析揭示学科研究的特点。以肿瘤治疗热点 主题为例，从类团的构成、演化、消失、新增与整体进行对比分析，从而揭示肿瘤治疗研究 近10年来的变化过程。     

Mechanism of systemic inflammatory response syndrome induced by EC DNA

AIM: To investigate whether the bacterial DNA participates in SIRS and its possible mechanism. METHODS: Escherichia coli genomic DNA (EC DNA) was extracted and purified from Escherichia coli 25922 by alkaline lysis method. Mortality of mice challenged with EC DNA and the changes of TNF-α and IL-6 in rat serum were observed. ANA-1 cells were cultured in vitro, after the cells were stimulated by different concentrations of EC DNA and LPS, the level of TNF-α and IL-6 in supernatant were tested. Meanwhile,expression of TLR9 and TLR4 on cell surface was measured. Activation of NF-JB was also observed. RESULTS: The lethal effect of EC DNA on mice with an obvious dose-effect relationship was observed. The death happened within 24 hours. Calf thymus DNA and DNase I-treated EC DNA did not lead to mice to die. The changes of serum TNF-α and IL-6 in rats induced by EC DNA and LPS were similar, but TNF-α peak level of EC DNA group appeared 1 hour earlier than that of LPS group. In vitro, large amount of TNF-α and IL-6 were released from ANA-1 cells stimulated by EC DNA. High expression of TLR9 and TLR4 was observed on surfaces of THP-1 cells. In particularly, LPS induced strong activation of NFκB. The results suggested other pathway possibly took part in the signal transduction inducea by EC DNA. CONCLUSION: EC DNA has the abilities to lead to death of mice, andinduces serum TNF- αand IL- 6 level to increase in rats and ANA- 1 cells to release cytokines in vitro. High expression of TLR9 and TLR4, strong activation of NF- κB may be its importantmolecular mechanism, but other pathway probably exists to play an important role.     

冷藏过程中原料乳脂质代谢变化的靶向脂质组学分析

为探究原料乳在4 ℃冷藏过程中的脂质变化，从而指导乳及乳制品的后期加工，该研究采用超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆复合线性离子阱质谱技术分别对冷藏第0、2、3、4、6天的原料乳脂质进行绝对定性定量分析。结果表明，原料乳共检出20种脂质亚类、880种脂质分子，其中甘油三脂、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰胆碱亚类含量最高；以P值 <0.05，变量重要性投影（variable importance projection，VIP）>1为标准共筛选出420种显著性差异脂质代谢物，以P值 <0.01，VIP >1为标准共筛选出98种极显著性差异脂质代谢物。整个冷藏过程中，极显著性差异脂质分子含量呈下降趋势，其中第3天与第4天对比组（D3 vs D4）脂质变化最为明显，冷藏3～4 d是原料乳脂质变化的关键阶段。对D3 vs D4组的极显著差异脂质进行京都基因与基因组百科全书（kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes，KEGG）通路分析，10种脂质分子被注释到6条代谢途径中，其中磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰基丝氨酸被注释到甘油磷脂代谢及神经酰胺、鞘磷脂被注释到鞘脂代谢是该阶段的主要代谢途径。研究结果为探明原料乳冷藏过程中的脂质变化、划定脂肪水解的关键期提供理论依据，进而为后期乳制品的加工提供数据参考。     

芳香疗法在园林中的应用研究

介绍了芳香疗法的定义、发展过程以及国内外研究应用现状。芳香疗法具有疗效可靠、安全舒适、无毒副作用的特点。在防病疗疾、优化环境以及精神方面均有独特的功效。提出了“芳香植物专类园”、“夜花园”、“盲人植物园”、“保健绿地”等园林绿地的应用技术。     

COMBINATION OF RADIATION THERAPY AND FIROCOXIB FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANINE NASAL CARCINOMA

Carcinomas represent two‐thirds of canine nasosinal neoplasms. Although radiation therapy (RT) is the standard of care, the incidence of local recurrence following treatment is high. Cyclooxygenase‐isoform‐2 (COX‐2) is expressed in 71–95% of canine nasal carcinomas and has been implicated in tumor growth and angiogenesis. Accordingly, COX‐2 inhibition seems rational to improve outcome. Dogs with histologically confirmed, previously untreated nasal carcinomas were randomized to receive the combination of a selective COX‐2 inhibitor (firocoxib) and palliative RT (Group 1) or RT and placebo (Group 2). Patients were regularly monitored with blood tests, urinalysis, and computed tomography. Pet owners were asked to complete monthly a quality‐of‐life questionnaire. Twenty‐four dogs were prospectively enrolled. According to Adams modified system, there were five stage 1, five stage 2, three stage 3, and 11 stage 4 tumors. Two dogs had metastases to regional lymph nodes. Median progression‐free interval and overall survival were 228 and 335 days in Group 1 (n = 12) and 234 and 244 days in Group 2 (n = 12). These differences were not statistically significant. The involvement of regional lymph nodes was significantly associated with progression‐free interval and overall survival (P = 0.004). Quality of life was significantly improved in Group 1 (P = 0.008). In particular, a significant difference was observed for activity and appetite. Although not providing a significant enhancement of progression‐free interval and overall survival, firocoxib in combination with RT is safe and improved life quality in dogs with nasal carcinomas.     

Bacteriophages as antimicrobial agents against major pathogens in swine: a review

In recent years, the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria has become a global concern which has prompted research into the development of alternative disease control strategies for the swine industry. Bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) offer the prospect of a sustainable alternative approach against bacterial pathogens with the flexibility of being applied therapeutically or for biological control purposes. This paper reviews the use of phages as an antimicrobial strategy for controlling critical pathogens including Salmonella and Escherichia coli with an emphasis on the application of phages for improving performance and nutrient digestibility in swine operations as well as in controlling zoonotic human diseases by reducing the bacterial load spread from pork products to humans through the meat.     

科技查新精准化的挑战及对策研究

[目的/意义]通过分析科技查新精准化的挑战并针对性提出对策,以期契合不同主体的科技情报需求,提升科技查新的质量。[方法/过程]介绍科技查新精准化的内涵,梳理科技查新精准化的方法,分析科技查新精准化的挑战,并提出对策。[结果/结论]科技查新精准化的挑战包括查新内容趋于精深、学科知识广泛交叉、查新过程注重数值与数据、其他语种文献检索、兼顾质量与效率,科技查新精准化需要针对性建设文献资源、构建团队协作服务、加强查新人员岗位胜任力、制定精准化指南及评价标准。