间作番茄对甘蓝生长及其主要害虫种群数量的影响

研究了甘蓝、番茄不同间作比例对甘蓝生长及主要害虫种群数量的影响,以期找到适宜的间作比例,为生产实践中进一步推广应用提供理论依据。试验结果表明,甘蓝与番茄间作模式,对甘蓝主要害虫菜青虫、小菜蛾、菜蚜等有一定的趋避效果,但6∶1的间作处理效果较差,4∶1、2∶1的间作处理效果良好,且差异不明显;2∶1的间作处理由于间作密度小,甘蓝受番茄生长的影响大,植株生长不良,6∶1的间作处理由于间作密度较大,甘蓝受虫害影响大,叶球虫孔数多,商品性差,4∶1的间作处理,植株生长良好,叶球饱满、质量大、商品性好。综合各项数据分析,4∶1的间作比例更合适。     

高抗白叶枯病系列杂交稻的选育

利用携有抗白叶枯病显性基因Xa-7的DV85作原始抗源,先与台中本地1号(TN1)杂交,育成携有Xa-7基因的中间衍生抗源TD,再用TD作母本与明恢63进行杂交,杂交后代中选择目标个体与明恢63持续多代回交,经测交、筛选,相继育成携有Xa-7基因的高抗白叶枯病的恢复系抗恢63、抗恢98及D205等,分别与珍汕97A、Ⅱ-32A等配组,先后育成了抗优63、抗优98(Ⅱ优98)、Ⅱ优205等高产、高抗白叶枯病的系列杂交稻新组合,并通过了省级审定,从而解决了我国杂交水稻不抗白叶枯病的难题.     

大豆室内耐冷筛选及其在田间的应用研究

本试验把生长箱大豆耐低温萌发筛选与田间早春播研究相结合,验证耐低温发芽的可靠性。在实验室,萌发期表现抗冷的大豆,田间出昔期仍表现抗冷或较抗冷。实验表明,大豆出苗的生物学最低温度平均为7.1℃,所需有效积温136℃。地温的高低直接影响大豆早春出苗的多寡,两者呈密切的正相关。黄、青、黑豆中,以黑豆抵抗早春不良气候条件的能力最强。     

两系杂交早稻W两优3418制种技术

根据W两优3418双亲的特征特性,结合湖北的气候特点和制种实践,提出了该组合的主要制种技术.即选好制种基地,确定双亲的最佳抽穗扬花期和播差期,稀播培育壮秧,施足速效底肥,合理行比、插足基本苗,早施重施速效分蘖肥、建立高产群体,做好花期预测和调控,轻施"九二○",适时收获,严把种子质量关.     

复方中草药制剂对早期断奶仔猪蛋白质合成能力及抗应激能力的影响

本试验旨在研究复方中草药制剂对早期断奶仔猪蛋白质合成能力及抗应激能力的影响。选用平均体重为（7.27±0.18）kg、断奶日龄为（28±2）d的长白猪×约克夏猪仔猪126头,采用单因素完全随机区组试验设计,分为7组,每组3个重复,每个重复6头猪。日粮中中草药复方制剂剂型为水煎剂和散剂2种。试验1组为空白对照组;试验2、3、4组为水煎剂添加组,添加量分别为0.05%、0.10%、0.15%;试验5、6、7组为散剂添加组,添加量分别为0.05%、0.10%、0.15%。试验期21 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,复方中草药制剂可显著提高早期断奶仔猪血清中碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、谷草转氨酶（GOT）、谷丙转氨酶（GPT）的活力及总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）的含量（P<0.05）,显著降低血清中尿素氮（BUN）含量（P<0.05）;显著降低早期断奶仔猪血清中肌酸激酶（CK）活力及葡萄糖（GLU）含量（P<0.05）。综上所述,在本试验条件下,复方中草药制剂能显著促进早期断奶仔猪机体蛋白质的合成,降低断奶仔猪的应激,且中草药剂型散剂优于水煎剂,最适添加比例为0.15%。     

Trichothecene genotypes of Gibberella zeae from winter wheat fields in the eastern USA

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused principally by Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum), is a devastating disease of small grains such as wheat and barley worldwide. Grain infected with G. zeae may be contaminated with trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV). Strains of G. zeae that produce DON may also produce acetylated derivatives of DON: 3‐acetyl‐DON (3‐ADON) and 15‐acetyl‐DON (15‐ADON). Gradients (clines) of 3‐ADON genotypes in Canada have raised questions about the distribution of G. zeae trichothecene genotypes in wheat fields in the eastern USA. Tri3 and Tri12 genotypes were evaluated in 998 isolates of G. zeae collected from 39 winter wheat fields in New York (NY), Pennsylvania (PA), Maryland (MD), Virginia (VA), Kentucky (KY) and North Carolina (NC). Ninety‐two percent (919/998) of the isolates were 15‐ADON, 7% (69/998) were 3‐ADON, and 1% (10/998) was NIV. A phylogenetic analysis based on portions of three genes (PHO, RED and URA) from 23 isolates revealed two species of Fusarium (F. graminearum sensu stricto and one isolate of F. cerealis (synonym F. crookwellense)). An increasing trend of 3‐ADON genotypes was observed from NC (south) to NY (north). Punctuated episodes of atmospheric transport may favour a higher frequency of 3‐ADON genotypes in the northeastern USA, near Canada, compared with the mid‐Atlantic states. Discoveries of the NIV genotype in NY and NC indicate the need for more intensive sampling in the surrounding regions.     

Effect of Azospirillum brasilense inoculation on root morphology and respiration in tomato seedlings

Summary The level of Azospirillum brasilense strain Cd colonization in the rhizosphere of some vegetables was 10⁴–10⁵ colony-forming units (CFU) per root of one plant in 2-week-old plants inoculated with 5 × 10⁸ Azospirillum cells. Significant increases in root length (35%) and in top (90%) and root (50%) dry weight and total leaf area (90%) were observed in 18-day-old inoculated tomato plants compared with non-inoculated controls. An inoculum concentration of 1 × 10⁸ to 5 × 10⁸ CFU/ml stimulated the appearance of root hairs. Large numbers of bacteria (1 × 10⁹ CFU/ml) caused asymmetrical growth of the root tip. In a petri dish system, Azospirillum (1 × 10⁸ CFU/ml) increased root dry weight (150%), protein content (20%), respiration rate per root (70%) and the specific activity of malate dehydrogenase (45%–65%) over non-inoculated controls. The specific respiration rate, expressed as micromol of O₂ per minute per milligram of dry weight of roots, was significantly lower in inoculated roots, suggesting that less energy was spent for accumulation of more dry material.     

Victoria Blight,defense turned upside down

Genes that confer disease resistance to biotrophic pathogens typically encode nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich-repeat proteins (NB-LRRs). These proteins confer resistance by detecting the presence of virulence effectors secreted by biotrophic pathogens. Recognition triggers NB-LRR activation and subsequently, the defense response which often includes localized host cell death. The fungus, Cochliobolus victoriae, is a necrotrophic pathogen that causes a disease called Victoria Blight. Virulence of this fungus is dependent on its production of a peptide called “victorin” that has been traditionally described as a toxin. Only plants that respond to victorin are susceptible to Cochliobolus victoriae whereas those that do not are resistant to the fungus. Genetic and molecular analyses have revealed that victorin functions like a biotrophic effector recognized by a NB-LRR resistance protein in Arabidopsis. Further, numerous plant species express victorin sensitivity suggesting there are numerous NB-LRRs that recognize victorin. Thus, through expression of victorin, C. victoriae is able to exploit plant defense to cause disease and is capable of evoking this response in an array of different plants.     

番茄对番茄晚疫病抗性遗传分析

试验利用04957(感),04968(感),L3708(抗)和Wva700(抗)4个抗感不同的番茄品种,按Griffing(Ⅰ)完全双列杂交方法配置组合,接种番茄晚疫病,调查发病情况进行分析。结果发现:①不同品种、不同组合间抗病性存在极显著差异;②供试品种间一般配合力和特殊配合力存在极显著差异,Wva700,L3708具有较高的一般配合力效应,二者在配制抗性组合时是较为优良的杂交亲本。Wva700×04957,Wva700×04968组合特殊配合力最高,有进一步研究利用的价值;③抗性遗传中加性效应是主要的,同时存在部分显性,存在细胞质效应;④广义遗传力为90.64%,狭义遗传力为81.48%,均较高,说明亲代对后代的影响作用较大,抗性基因可以通过基因累加的方式在后代中表现出来,宜早代选择。     

稻田优化施肥效果与氮、磷环境效益评价

【目的】针对稻田氮磷钾肥施用不合理引起环境问题较为严重的现象,从粮食高产高效和环境效益的角度分析稻田化肥的合理施用与管理策略。【方法】选用测土配方施肥项目2005-2010年在湖南省间布置的735个早、中、晚稻肥料田间试验,选取不施肥（CK）、农民习惯施肥（FP）和优化施肥（OPT）3个处理,对比分析了早、中、晚稻OPT较FP处理的增产效果与氮、磷、钾肥偏生产力的优势;通过筛选OPT处理产量或/和氮肥偏生产力前25%的试验点,建立高产、高效和高产高效3种方案,结合氮肥用量与氮素损失（N₂O的排放、N的径流与淋失、NH₃挥发）之间的经验模型,评估稻田节氮减排潜力;通过计算早、中、晚稻磷素表观平衡,分析稻田磷素残留状况;并引入湖南省早、中、晚稻种植面积,估算区域稻田氮、磷的环境效益。【结果】多年多点田间试验研究表明,与CK处理相比,FP和OPT处理分别可增产41.9%和52.0%（早、中、晚稻的平均值）;与FP处理相比,OPT处理早、中、晚稻可增产7.0%-8.3%,氮、磷肥偏生产力分别提高16.8%-19.6%和5.5%-37.3%,而OPT处理钾肥用量的提高对钾肥偏生产力的负效应较小（早、中、晚稻平均降幅为6.4%）。节氮减排评估结果表明,高产组产量高而氮肥用量相对较高,高效组氮肥偏生产力高而产量相对较低,用高产高效组表征产量和氮肥偏生产力的潜力更可靠;高产高效组早、中、晚稻每年可节省氮肥用量共81 kg·hm^-2（其中晚稻最多,为32 kg N·hm^-2）,减少氮素损失15.5 kg N·hm^-2,温室气体N₂O减排约20%。湖南省稻田节氮总潜力为12.5×10⁴ t,减少氮素损失2.35×10⁴ t,主要对象为早稻和晚稻。优化施肥可提水稻的磷素总吸收量,早、中、晚稻从FP处理的59-66 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2增加到OPT处理的63-71 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2。磷肥用量与水稻磷素吸收量之间的关系显示,两者并不能达到显著的正向相关关系,说明当磷肥投入总量满足作物需求后,多余的磷素对当季作物磷素吸收无效,从而残留在土壤中;早、中、晚稻分别有46%、44%和15%的样本出现磷残留现象,通过筛选并分析磷残留样本得出,早、中、晚稻OPT处理磷残留比例明显低于FP处理,且磷残留量分别可降低到1.36-5.30 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2,较FP处理下降了33.7%-48.5%;从全省范围来看,磷残留总量可减少18.14×10³、3.59×10³和5.30×10³ t;另一方面,农民习惯施肥中,仍有不施磷肥的现象,这对土壤养分的耗竭影响较大,应重视平衡施肥。【结论】稻田优化施肥是产量和环境安全的重要保障,氮肥减量施用可提高氮肥利用率,减少氮素损失和温室气体的排放,控制磷肥总量可有效地避免土壤磷素残留带来的污染风险。