农林仿形对靶喷雾及其控制技术研究进展

仿形对靶喷雾是实现农林精确施药的一种重要技术方式,近年来在理论发展和技术应用中取得重要进展。文中从仿形喷雾目标探测技术、常用仿形机构、仿形对靶控制及算法、仿形变量喷雾测试技术和典型农林仿形喷雾机方面评述现有仿形对靶喷雾技术,归纳包括红外线、超声波、图像和LIDAR等仿形喷雾目标探测方法与技术;分析常用仿形机构的仿形原理和各自设计的优缺点,强调轻量化是仿形机构设计的趋势;综述仿形对靶喷雾控制系统硬件和软件方面的发展,强调智能算法的应用能有效提高仿形喷雾控制系统的鲁棒性;分析评述仿形变量喷雾测试装置、喷雾系统数学模型和PWM变量喷雾技术的进展;介绍几种典型的农林仿形喷雾机,并提出农林仿形对靶喷雾的研究建议。     

中间锦鸡儿生长发育过程中5个miRNAs及其靶基因的表达模式分析

利用qRT-PCR技术分析了5个miRNAs(cin-miR157a、cin-miR159a、cin-miR165a、cin-miR172b和cin-miR396a)及其靶基因在中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)不同发育阶段不同器官的表达变化。结果显示,5个miRNAs的表达模式均存在时空特异性,其中cin-miR159a、cin-miR165a、cin-miR172b、cin-miR396a在成年期营养器官中强烈表达,在幼年期和成年期生殖器官中弱表达;cin-miR157a在幼年期和成年期生殖器官中强烈表达,在成年期营养器官中弱表达。除cin-miR159a的靶基因MYB和cin-miR165a的靶基因HD-Zip Ⅲ外,其它被检测的miRNAs靶基因与相应的miRNAs的表达呈现出明显的相互消长的表达模式。该结果表明中间锦鸡儿miRNA可通过调控其靶基因的表达,进而调控发育阶段转变、器官形态建成、细胞分化等生物学过程。研究结果将为中间锦鸡儿的定向改良工作提供理论依据和基因资源。     

呼伦贝尔沙地治理战略布局探讨

根据呼伦贝尔沙地自然地理条件和生态建设工程的实际状况,将呼伦贝尔沙地治理规划成3大措施区、5大治理类型区,在每个类型区提出了相应的治理重点和主攻方向,并结合工程治理、休牧禁牧、生态移民实现沙地的全面保护和治理,消除沙害,使沙区生态环境根本好转,实现沙区经济社会可持续发展。     

对近自然林业理论的诠释和对我国林业建设的几项建议

对近自然林业的理论进行了诠释,按中国能不能学先进,向谁学和怎样学的思路进行了分析,并提出了以“建设健康的森林”提升林业目标和以“速生树种先锋林”替代“速生用材林”为林业技术路线的建议,以利于中国切入生态林业的经营轨道.     

马尾松林阔叶化改造的目标和方法探讨

根据马尾松林的群落结构,将马尾松林划分成以下8个主要类型:马尾松-木荷混交林、马尾松-枫香混交林、马尾松-木荷复层林、马尾松-白栎复层林、马尾松-连蕊茶复层林、马尾松-檵木复层林、马尾松-芒萁复层林、马尾松-白茅复层林.鉴于生态与经济协调发展,马尾松林的阔叶化改造目标拟定位在以阔叶树种为主要种群结构的近自然的阔松混交林.阔叶化改造的方法应围绕目标林分实行分类指导,分别采用封育、留养抚育、适度透光间伐、适当清理林下灌木、补植木荷等目的树种等改造方法,以供参考应用.     

Long-term trends in the abundance of Mediterranean wetland vertebrates: From global recovery to localized declines

Biodiversity loss is unevenly distributed in space and time. Species have reached critically low population sizes in some areas, and remain abundant in others. Similarly, some species may benefit from successful conservation plans, while others still experience severe population depletions driven by negative impacts of human activities. Although several indicators have been proposed to measure the fate of biodiversity, they are generally only implemented globally so their relevance for regional assessment is still unclear. Here, we calculated the first regional trend in the Living Planet Index for the Mediterranean wetlands (Med LPI), an indicator that summarizes the fate of global biological diversity based on the temporal trends in abundance of vertebrate populations. The Med LPI was based on 1641 vertebrate populations of 311 species recorded in Mediterranean wetlands from 1970–2008, in 27 different countries. We investigated whether trends in the Med LPI differed between eastern and western Mediterranean countries, which have different socio-economic contexts. Finally, we assessed whether and how the trend in the Med LPI was robust to changes in the number and identity of species considered. We found that, at the Mediterranean scale, the Med LPI increased steeply, which could be taken at first sight, as a general recovery of wetland biodiversity in this biogeographical region. However, we found highly contrasting spatial trends within the Mediterranean region: the average trend was positive for western and negative for eastern countries. Moreover, we showed that depending on the method used to estimate the trend in Med LPI, it can be sensitive to the number and identity of the species considered. We suggest that understanding the regional discrepancies of the trend in biodiversity indicators as well as their robustness to the species represented in the index will enhance progress assessment towards global and regional conservation strategies.     

我国Bt棉花商业化的环境影响与风险管理策略

Bt转基因棉花于1997年在我国商业化种植，到2006年种植面积已达棉花总面积的70％。环境影响监测表明，Bt棉花有效地控制了棉铃虫和红铃虫的发生和为害，但盲蝽蟓类害虫演化上升成为棉田的主要害虫。抗性分析显示，虽然棉铃虫自然种群对Bt棉花抗性基因频率没有明显的变化，但Bt棉花髙强度种植地区的棉铃虫耐受性正逐年提高，已成为影响Bt棉花持续利用的主要因素。基于Bt棉花环境风险和影响因子的综合分析，本文讨论了Bt棉花环境风险的管理策略。     

日光温室番茄的氮素追施与反馈调控

在施用足量有机肥的基础上,以山东寿光当地的常规氮肥追施措施为对照,通过结合硝酸盐速测技术对日光温室秋冬茬番茄不同生育时期的氮素供应进行实时动态调控,以确定合理的追肥数量。结果表明,同当地农民的常规处理相比,采用实时调控处理的氮素投入总量减少了N170kg.hm2,但对番茄的生长(株高、茎粗、果实发育速度等)、产量和品质等指标没有任何影响。根据追肥前根层土壤氮素的供应水平(0—30cm土壤NO3--N含量+氮素追施数量)的监测,可初步确定日光温室秋冬茬番茄在第一穗果膨大期、第二穗果膨大期和第四穗果膨大期时的氮素供应目标值最多为N296kg.hm2、216kg.hm2和191kg.hm2。与此同时,将每个时期所确定的目标值应用在同期生长的其它3个日光温室的番茄氮素追施调控,结果发现与相应的农民常规处理相比,实时调控处理对作物的生长同样没有影响,这表明在日光温室秋冬茬番茄生产过程中,结合植株和土壤硝酸盐速测技术,通过施肥调控满足作物在不同生长时期的氮素供应水平是可行的。     

Towards the selection of taxa for plant genetic conservation

The signing and ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity has resulted in increased scientific and public interest in the conservation and utilisation of biological diversity. This has in turn triggered the need to develop more effective methodologies to conserve biological diversity for the benefit of all humanity. One of the first factors to be considered when conserving botanical diversity is the efficient and effective selection of the target taxa. The aim of this paper is not to set detailed priorities for the genetic conservation of the plant genetic resources of any particular crop or species complex, but to draw attention to the factors that should be considered when formulating priorities. The factors that are considered important when selecting plant genetic resource targets are: current conservation status; potential economic use; threat of genetic erosion; genetic distinctiveness; ecogeographic distribution; biological importance; cultural importance; cost, feasibility and sustainability; legislation; ethical and aesthetic considerations; and priorities of the conservation agency undertaking the conservation. Each of these factors is discussed in turn. Although it is not possible to provide a single methodology for the selection of plant genetic resource targets at this time, it is hoped that the consideration the factors discussed will make the selection of target taxa more object, make better use of the limited conservation resources and thus enhance the process of genetic conservation as a whole.     

水土保持率：概念内涵、阈值确定及实践应用

[目的]确定全国及不同区域水土流失防治的适宜目标,帮助社会各界了解和应用水土保持率概念及相关研究成果,为促进新时代水土保持高质量发展提供有益参考。[方法]根据2019年水利部首次提出的“水土保持率”指标及其专项研究成果,阐述了水土保持率概念的内涵及其阈值确定方法。以30 m分辨率网格为空间单元,基于土壤侵蚀分类分级、土地利用、地形地貌、植被覆盖等多源地理空间数据,分析计算了全国及各省份水土保持率阈值,并解读了水土保持率系列目标在中国水土保持目标责任考核和落实中的应用。[结果]水土保持率概念的核心是表征符合自然规律并满足经济社会发展要求的水土流失防治适宜程度,远期应当包含减量、降级、增效等多维度的阈值体系,可综合评估区域水土流失防治现状及其所能达到的适宜程度。目前的水土保持率指标主要反映水土流失面积的减量适宜目标,已被用于美丽中国建设评估,并被作为中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅《关于加强新时代水土保持工作的意见》中的核心指标。[结论]建议基于社会—生态系统范式,在全面考虑自然与社会领域综合因素影响,本地和溢出维度不同效应协同,生态和经济层面多重目标权衡的基础上,深入研究不同地区水土流失消长...