热带兰花2种病毒的ELISA检测

采用三抗夹心酶联免疫吸附法（TAS-ELISA）和双抗夹心酶联免疫吸附法（DAS-ELISA）检测了海南主要兰花种植基地的疑似病毒感染的兰花叶片。结果表明,海南兰花病原病毒主要为建兰花叶病毒（Cym-bidium mosaic virus,CymMV）、齿兰环斑病毒（Odontoglossum ring-spot vi...     

Acquisition of microbial communities and enhanced availability of soil nutrients by the isopod Porcellio scaber (Latr.) (Isopoda: Oniscidea)

 In microcosm experiments Porcellio scaber increased litter disappearance of oak and alder litter. Alder litter disappeared at more than twice the rate of oak litter. Soil texture did not influence the disappearance of oak litter; however, disappearance of alder litter was enhanced on silt rather than on sand. P. scaber enhanced microbial communities (i.e. microbial respiration and microbial biomass) on both silt and sand when feeding on either alder or oak. Overall, microbial respiration increased 10-fold when isopods fed on oak litter on sand and 20-fold when isopods fed on alder litter on sand. On silt, the initially high microbial respiration remained constant when isopods fed on oak and doubled when they fed on alder litter. In all treatments without P. scaber there was a decrease in microbial respiration over the 12-week experimental period. The availability of macronutrients (C_org, N_tot, P, K, Mg, Ca) in the topsoil was increased when P. scaber fed on alder litter but less pronounced when P. scaber fed on oak litter. Using sand as a substrate, there was an apparent increase only for C_org, Mg and Ca; on silt, increases in C_org, N_tot and P were measured. Under field conditions the contribution of P. scaber to nutrient fluxes will be higher on sand than on silt. Received: 1 July 1999     

龙陵县核桃丰产栽培技术实验示范研究

针对龙陵县部分核桃树老化、中幼树低产及新植技术缺乏的难题,结合龙陵县规划改造和新植任务的实际,对核桃老树更新复状、低产园改造及新植技术分年度进行了丰产栽培实验示范研究,建设核桃新植示范点10个,总结出核桃新植"十个一"技术,使新植桃核的成活率及保存率明显提高,可提前3年挂果进入收益期;通过核桃示范点与传统种植对比分析以及核桃更新复壮前后和核桃低产园改造前后对比分析,结果表明,核桃衰老树更新复壮和低产中幼树改造技术,使树势明显恢复,病虫鼠害明显减少,能促进增产增收,达到高产稳产,经济效益明显,是核桃老区和低产区快速发展核桃产业的有效方法。     

Factors affecting persistence of terrestrial orchids in wet meadows and implications for their conservation in a changing agricultural landscape

We examined the occurrence of Dactylorhiza majalis, the most abundant terrestrial orchid species growing in rapidly disappearing wet meadows, at 50 historical sites for 3 years. We aimed to find the most frequent reasons for its recent extinction at many sites. We found that the main reasons for its extinction were absence of mowing, intensive fertilisation and washouts of fertilisers from fields nearby. At extant sites, we studied its biometric characteristics and composition of surrounding vegetation, to determine factors affecting its persistence. Bad performance of persisting populations of this species was associated with prevalence of grasses, low May temperatures and absence of mowing. This confirms, at metapopulation level, what has previously been observed at the level of individual populations. We suggest that the system of agricultural subsidies in the country should change towards more sensitive allocation of funds to those farmers, who will adopt the appropriate management of wet meadows and their surroundings.     

Intermediate tidal stress promotes the detritivore-mediated decomposition of Spartina litter

Saltmarshes, functionally important habitats in the marine–terrestrial ecotone that are regularly affected by tidal inundation, are mainly detritus-based in terms of fluxes of nutrients and energy. With respect to the mediating influence of saltmarsh detritivores on microbial colonisation of detritus and on decomposition processes, we tested whether the “intermediate disturbance hypothesis” (IDH) is also applicable to the effects of stress in this stressful environment. Decomposition experiments with litter of the cordgrass, Spartina anglica, and with terrestrial [Porcellio scaber (Isopoda)] and marine/semi-terrestrial [Orchestia gammarellus (Amphipoda)] detritivores as well as animal-free controls were carried out in an artificial saltmarsh system. Different daily flooding regimes served as experimental levels of stress. Both litter mass loss and microbial respiration were mostly higher under aquatic than under terrestrial conditions, no matter whether detritivores were present or not. Considering the intertidal zone, low to intermediate daily inundation rates resulted in increased microbial respiration and an increased influence of detritivores on litter mass loss in early stages of cordgrass decomposition with high rates of detritus mass loss, and intermediate tidal stress led to higher microbial cell counts throughout the entire experiment. Summarised over 3 months, regression analyses suggested that microbial activity and detritus mass loss show a trend towards highest values at low inundation rates and under permanent inundation, although microbial density was higher under longer daily inundation. Access to detritus by detritivores enhanced both litter mass loss and microbial respiration, especially in later decomposition stages, whereas microbial density was reduced by detritivores. In conclusion, we predict that overall the decomposition of cordgrass detritus in saltmarshes is promoted in the intermediate to high area of the intertidal zone with daily inundation of ca. 4–10 hours where both marine and terrestrial detritivores have access to promote decomposition processes through feeding and mediating microbial activity.     

Effects of cloudiness change on net ecosystem exchange, light use efficiency, and water use efficiency in typical ecosystems of China

As a weather element, clouds can affect CO₂ exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere by altering environmental conditions, such as solar radiation received on the ground surface, temperature, and moisture. Based on the flux data measured at five typical ecosystems of China during mid-growing season (June-August) from 2003 to 2006, we analyzed the responses of net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (NEE), light use efficiency (LUE, defined as Gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP)/Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)), and water use efficiency (WUE, defined as GEP/Evapotranspiration (ET)) to the changes in cloudiness. The five ecological sites included Changbaishan temperate mixed forest (CBS), Dinghushan subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest (DHS), Xishuangbanna tropical rainforest (XSBN), Inner Mongolia semi-arid Leymus chinensis steppe (NMG), and Haibei alpine frigid Potentilla fruticosa shrub (HB). Our analyses show that cloudy sky conditions with cloud index (k_t) values between 0.4 and 0.6 increased NEE, LUE, and WUE of the ecosystems at CBS, DHS, NMG and HB from June to August. The LUE of tropical rainforest at XSBN was higher under cloudy than under clear sky conditions, but NEE and WUE did not decrease significantly under clear sky conditions from June to August. The increase in GEP with increasing diffuse radiation received by ecosystems under cloudy skies was the main reason that caused the increases in LUE and net carbon uptake in forest ecosystem at CBS, DHS, and alpine shrub ecosystem at HB, compared with clear skies. Moreover, for the ecosystem at CBS, DHS, and HB, when sky condition became from clear to cloudy, GEP increased and ET decreased with decreasing VPD, leading to the increase in WUE and NEE under cloudy sky conditions. The decrease in R_e with decreasing temperature and increase in GEP with decreasing VPD under cloudy skies led to the increase in LUE, WUE, and net carbon uptake of semi-arid steppe at NMG, compared to clear skies. These different responses among the five ecosystems are attributable to the differences in canopy characteristics and water conditions. From June to August, the peaks of the k_t frequency distribution in temperate ecosystems (e.g., CBS, NMG, and HB) were larger than 0.5, but they were smaller than 0.4 in subtropical/tropical forest ecosystems (e.g., DHS and XSBN). These results suggest that the pattern of cloudiness during the years from 2003 to 2006 in the five ecosystems was not the best condition for their net carbon uptake. This study highlights the importance of cloudiness factor in the prediction of net carbon absorption in the Asia monsoon region under climate change.     

Suitability of terrestrial laser scanning for studying surface roughness effects on concentrated flow erosion processes in rangelands

Surface roughness is thought to affect concentrated flow erosion – a major mechanism of soil loss on disturbed rangelands. However, quantifying surface roughness in the field at appropriately fine spatial scales is laborious and the scale at which to conduct meaningful roughness measurements is difficult to discern. Rapid, objective, and repeatable field methods are therefore needed to accurately measure surface roughness across a range of spatial scales to advance our understanding and modeling of concentrated flow erosion processes. Surface roughness can be derived from surface topography mapped at the sub-cm level using a field-portable terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). To test the suitability of terrestrial laser scanning for studying surface roughness effects on erosion processes in rangelands, we used concentrated flow simulation techniques at 8.5 m² plots that were randomly placed at rangeland sites in southeastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho, USA. Local surface roughness (locRMSH) was calculated as the standard deviation of TLS mapped surface heights within moving windows varying in size from 30 × 30 to 90 × 90 mm. The mean locRMSH of the eroded area and entire plot were negatively correlated (r² > 0.71, RMSE < 95.97 g min^− 1, and r² > 0.74, RMSE < 90.07 g min^− 1, respectively) with concentrated flow erosion. The strength of the locRMSH–erosion relationship and regression model parameters were affected by the moving window size, emphasizing the scale dependence of the locRMSH–erosion relationship. Adjusting locRMSH for slope effects decreased the strength of the locRMSH–erosion relationship from r² < 0.83 to < 0.26. Our results indicate that TLS is a useful tool to enhance our current understanding of the effect of surface roughness on overland flow erosion processes and advance hydrologic and erosion model parameter development. Further research is needed to evaluate the locRMSH – concentrated flow erosion relationship over a wider range of soil properties, surface conditions, and spatial extents.     

兰花繁殖技术

本文介绍了中国兰的分株繁殖、石斛兰假鳞茎培养法、兰花种子无菌播种繁殖和蝴蝶兰与中国兰组织培养技术。     

海南岛兰花种质资源考察报告

对海南岛15个县(市)不同生态类型区兰花种质资源进行了全面的考察,共搜集了野生兰57属161种(变种、型),栽培兰14属(剔除与野生种重复)50余个品种,其中海南特有种21个,东亚特有属8个,海南新记录属6个,海南新记录种13个,保存活种质180余种(品种、型),10多种野生兰有观赏价值。通过实地考察,基本摸清了海南岛兰花种质的分布(水平分布和垂直分布)、生态环境、多度、花果期及形态特征等情况。     

兰花大棚内无线传感器网络433MHz信道传播特性试验

不同的应用环境对无线传感器网络的性能有一定的影响。该文针对兰花大棚环境中无线传感器网络节点部署的要求及其应用环境的特性,以433 MHz为载波频率,研究了无线射频信号的传播特性和无线信号与影响因素之间的关系,影响因素包括发射功率、数据包长度、距离、发射端位置等参数,获得了接收信号强度、丢包率等数据,并进行了统计分析。试验结果表明,该无线传感器网络信号的衰减符合对数模型,其决定系数R2最大为0.9246,最小为0.8753;发射功率为0和-5 dBm时,信号较强、通信成功率较高;发射功率处在0和-20 dBm时接收信号强度波动较大;在数据传输速率为1.2 kbps、和调制扩频为高斯频移键控方式等参数确定的情况下数据包的长度对丢包率的影响很小。在上述试验研究的基础上,建立了发射功率和接收信号强度之间的关系模型,模型参数与发射功率之间、传播环境因子n与发射功率之间成二次多项式关系,相关系数分别达到0.9967和0.8686;验证试验结果表明：该模型可以较好地预测不同发射功率不同通信距离的接收信号强度,为兰花大棚无线传感器网络的组建提供支持。此外,设计了接收信号强度三维曲面图和等高曲线图,可直观反映兰花大棚环境下无线信号的传播特性,为今后无线节点布置与组网提供依据。