兰花多倍体育种研究进展

兰花是世界主流观赏花卉之一,具有较高的观赏价值。近年来,随着生物技术的不断发展,兰花多倍体育种越来越受到人们的重视,并取得了一定的成果。本文探讨了兰花多倍体育种的意义、现状、方法、存在的问题及其前景。     

Characterization of the first two viruses described from wild populations of hammer orchids (Drakaea spp.) in Australia

Sequences representing the genomes of two distinct virus isolates infecting wild plants of two members of the genus Drakaea (hammer orchids) in Western Australia are described. The virus isolated from Drakaea livida has a bipartite genome of 4490 nt (RNA1) and 2905 nt (RNA2) that shares closest sequence and structural similarity to members of the genus Pecluvirus, family Virgaviridae, described from legumes in the Indian subcontinent and West Africa. However, it differs from pecluviruses by lacking a P39 protein on RNA2 and having a cysteine‐rich protein gene located 3′ of the triple gene block protein genes. It is the first peclu‐like virus to be described from Australia. The name Drakaea virus A is proposed (DVA; proposed member of the family Virgaviridae, genus unassigned). The second virus isolate was identified from Drakaea elastica, a species classed as endangered under conservation legislation. The genome sequence of this virus shares closest identity with isolates of Donkey orchid symptomless virus (DOSV; proposed member of the order Tymovirales, family and genus unassigned), a species described previously from wild Caladenia and Diuris orchids in the same region. These viruses are the first to be isolated from wild Drakaea populations and are proposed to have an ancient association with their orchid hosts.     

公路对陆生脊椎动物影响的研究

公路在推动我国社会、经济发展的同时也对路域（沿带状公路向周围延伸一定距离的空间范围）野生动物产生了严重的负面影响,特别是陆生脊椎动物。本文就如何利用样带法和样方法对路域陆生脊椎动物种类、数量、公路交通造成的动物死亡数等进行调查作了详细阐述。结合国内外相关领域学者的研究成果分析了公路对不同类别或种类陆生脊椎动物的影响。呼吁国内学者开展更多公路对陆生脊椎动物影响的实质性研究,并将成果运用于研究地区以后的路网设计与改造实践中。     

水耕人为土时间序列的植硅体及其闭留碳演变特征

以浙江慈溪滨海沉积物上发育的5个具有不同植稻年龄的水耕人为土剖面为研究对象,系统分析了土壤中的植硅体及其闭留碳的演变特征。结果表明,水耕人为土时间序列土壤中植硅体的含量变幅为3.67~17.51 g kg-1。水耕人为土中植硅体的剖面分布特征与有机碳相似,呈现出随着土壤深度的增加含量逐渐降低的趋势。其剖面分布特征表明植硅体在水耕人为土中不易移动。与起源土相比,水耕人为土表层植硅体含量有较大程度的增加,说明植稻有利于植硅体在土壤表层富集。而植硅体随植稻年龄的增加没有表现出有规律的增加或减少趋势。统计分析表明植硅体和总硅之间呈极显著正相关,说明植硅体对土壤发生中的硅循环起着重要作用。水稻产生的植硅体其体内闭留的碳量较高,但由于土体内植硅体总量较低,植硅体闭留碳仅占总有机碳的0.93%~1.68%。现有数据表明,仅通过根系与残茬返还土壤,种植富硅植物水稻并不能显著增强土壤的长期固碳能力。由于植硅体固定的碳在土壤环境中比较稳定,如果能强化秸秆还田,植稻对于土壤长期固碳具有意义。     

Geomorphology and soils distribution under paraglacial conditions in an ice-free area of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica

The main pedological, geomorphological and cryogenic features of Keller Peninsula, part of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Maritime Antarctica, were mapped and quantified with emphasis on the relationship between the ice retreat process, melt-out, landform development and soil distribution. Moraines, protalus, scree slopes, inactive glacial cirques, uplift marine terraces, biogenic landforms, arêtes and Felsenmeer were mapped. Scree slope is the main landform, covering approximately 25% of the peninsula, indicating prominent paraglacial features. Inherited, glacial landforms, such as lateral moraines, highland plateau and exhumed U shaped-valleys, are now being exposed in north Keller by ice shrinkage of former ice protecting cover. Landforms influenced soil formation and stability. Cryosols and Leptosols (WRB) roughly corresponding to Gelisols and Entisols (SSS), respectively, are the most common soil classes, with an overall tendency of absent permafrost in the coastal areas, changing to sporadic permafrost at mid-slope, and discontinuous permafrost with greater altitude and substrate stability.     

How different or similar are nematode communities between a paddy and an upland rice fields across a flooding-drainage cycle?

The paddy field is being recognised as a biodiversity hotspot fostering a variety of organisms. However, there are few studies on the ecology of paddy field nematodes. We characterised nematode communities in rice paddy fields by comparing them with upland fields of rice or soybean. We examined nematode communities of the top (0-15 mm) and second (15-50 mm) soil layers before flooding (March or April), during flooding (June or July) and during the draining period (October) 2007-2009. We found that the nematode community in the paddy was different than that in the upland fields during all periods. Rhabdolaimus, Tobrilus, Mesodorylaims and Monhysteridae characterised the top of the paddy and Hirschmanniella characterised the second layer of the paddy. Total nematode density was generally lower in the paddy than in the upland field. However, the density in the paddy top layer increased with time from the flooding period to the draining period, during which time it was about the same as (or even greater than) the peak density in the upland fields. The density in the second layer of the paddy remained lower than that in the top layer of the paddy throughout the time course. Community diversity values were generally greater in the paddy top layer than in the paddy second layer across the six sampling periods, but periodic differences between the paddy and upland fields or between soil layers were not significant. During the flooding period, the F/(F + B) (13-37) and Enrichment Index (17-38) values were lower in the paddy than in the upland fields (32-47, 37-74, respectively) to reflect that bacteria dominate over fungi with slow decomposition due to anaerobic conditions in the flooded paddy field. In addition, particularly in the top layer, the Maturity (2.0-2.4) and Structure Index (23-72) values were greater in the paddy than in the upland fields (1.7-2.1, 9-15, respectively), indicating a well-developed ecosystem under water. These unique nematode communities persisted during the draining period, but there was a rapid increase in opportunistic bacterivores, which increased the EI values. We suggest that bactivorous nematodes in the families Cephalobidae and Chronogasteridae, herbivores in the genus Hirschmanniella, and fungivores in the genus Filenchus may be specific to paddy field soil rather than to pond and lake sediments.     

种植翻压二月兰配施化肥对春玉米养分吸收利用的影响

研究了华北地区种植翻压冬绿肥二月兰（Orychophragmus violaceus L.）后,在当地习惯施肥基础上玉米减量施肥措施对春玉米产量及养分吸收利用的影响。试验设不施肥（F0）、 习惯施肥（F100）、 单施绿肥（F0+G）以及绿肥与不同比例的化肥配施（化肥习惯用量的70%、 85%、 100%）（F70+G、 F85+G、 F100+G）6个处理。结果表明,施用化肥和化肥绿肥配施均能显著提高春玉米产量,增加地上部总养分量和不同器官养分的累积量,改善养分在不同器官中的分配比例。与F0比较, F100、 F70+G、 F100+G 和F85+G处理的春玉米产量分别增加101.4、 108.4、 115.5和130.4 g/plant,增幅达120.9%、 129.2%、 137.6%和155.3%。翻压绿肥后,化肥减量15%的处理（F85+G）春玉米子粒产量增加29.0 g/plant、 地上部吸氮量增加0.65 g/plant,显著高于单施化肥处理F100;绿肥配施100%的化肥和化肥减量30%的处理（F100+G、 F70+G）玉米生物量、 养分吸收量与习惯施肥（F100）无明显差异。翻压绿肥配施不同比例化肥的 3个处理与F100相比玉米子粒养分累积量及分配比例没有明显差异。     

五唇兰菌根化育苗技术

为探索菌根技术在兰科植物保育中的应用,以野生五唇兰的内生菌根真菌和五唇兰组培苗为材料,进行组培瓶苗和盆栽苗的菌根化研究。利用固体培养的菌丝体与五唇兰无菌组培苗进行共生培养,15 d后,根染色法检测结果表明,真菌能够成功侵染根,菌根化苗的移栽成活率均达到100 %（对照为63.33 %）。种植90 d后各菌株处理苗的鲜样质量增长率均高于对照,其中F29菌株处理苗的鲜样质量增长率高于对照31.3 %。在大棚栽培条件下,利用液体菌剂对盆栽苗进行菌根化培养。90 d后各菌株处理苗的成活率和鲜样质量增长率均高于对照,其中F29菌株处理比对照高出35 %,鲜样质量增长率高于对照高33.24 %。     

兰科植物菌根营养研究与展望

从菌根真菌与兰科植物的共生营养关系、兰科植物菌根的营养效应和营养特性三方面对近年来兰科植物菌根营养研究进行综述;并对兰科植物菌根营养机理、菌根菌剂研制等方面进行探讨,为兰科植物菌根生物资源应用于兰科植物的园艺生产和保育工作提供科学依据。     

海南岛尖峰岭野生兰科植物资源分布与保护对策

对海南岛尖峰岭野生兰科植物资源进行了系统调查,结果表明:海南岛尖峰岭野生兰科植物种类十分丰富,具有53属114种,其中附生兰84种,地生兰30种;60%以上的兰科植物分布于海拔700~1 200 m热带山地雨林中。由于过度无序开发,尖峰岭林区的野生兰科植物资源保存现状不容乐观,因此建议通过健全管理机制、加大宣传力度、加强人工培育研究以及依托旅游发展兰花产业等措施进行有效保护。