广西上思县桉树青枯病原菌致病性的研究

[目的]为林业生产防治青枯病提供理论指导。[方法]从广西上思县2种发病症状的桉树病株根上收集青枯病病原菌,按柯赫原则研究其致病性。[结果]2种症状的90%以上分离物的菌落形态完全相同,分离培养证实均是与自然界完全相同的青枯病菌。人工培养基上培养的慢性型青枯病菌部分菌株发生变异,致病性减弱甚至丧失,急性型青枯病菌的菌株致病性未减弱。接种试验表明,急性型症状病株上分离所得青枯病病原菌致病力强于慢性型症状的病原菌,桉树苗木死亡率高,发病时间早,发病程度也有一定差异。[结论]2种症状分离到的病原菌都为青枯病菌,均有明显致病性,急性型病原菌致病力强于慢性型,筛选出4个致病力较强的菌株。     

遥控蔗叶切断还田机设计研究

根据蔗叶还田现状,设计研究了一种蔗叶还田机。该机采用遥控方式控制其行走,利用柔性刀高速旋转切断蔗叶,实现蔗叶还田。利用ANSYS软件对遥控蔗叶切断还田机机架进行了结构强度分析,表明其强度足够。初步试验表明:该机行走灵活稳定,蔗叶切断效果良好,结构简单,功耗小,具有一定的实用价值。     

苗木立枯病的发生及防治措施

苗木立枯病的频发、危害性大,结合我县近年来针对此病的具体防御措施,从苗木立枯病的类型、病原、发病规律、防御措施等方面行文,综合介绍、全面认识苗木立枯病,只有如此才能把苗木病害降到最低。     

Geosmin causes off‐flavour in arctic charr in recirculating aquaculture systems

The ‘earthy’ and ‘muddy’ off‐flavours in pond‐reared fish are due to the presence of geosmin or 2‐methylisoborneol in the flesh of the fish. Similar off‐flavours have been reported in fish raised in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS); however, little information is available regarding the cause of these off‐flavours. Our hypothesis was that earthy and muddy off‐flavour compounds, found previously in pond‐raised fish, are also responsible for off‐flavours in fish raised in RAS. In this preliminary study, we examined water, biofilms in RAS and fillets from cultured arctic charr known to have off‐flavours and requiring depuration using instrumental [solid‐phase microextraction procedure and gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS)] and human sensory analyses. Geosmin was present in the samples taken from the biofilter and on the side walls of the tanks. Two‐methylisoborneol was only found in low levels in the samples. The GC‐MS results indicated the presence of geosmin in the fillets (705 ng kg^?1), but lower levels were found in the water (30.5 ng L^?1). Sensory analyses also detected an earthy flavour (i.e., geosmin presence) in the fillets, and, therefore, it appears that geosmin is the main compound responsible for the off‐flavour in RAS. Further studies are being performed to identify the microorganisms responsible for geosmin production in RAS.     

箭胡毛杨良种采穗圃营建技术与产穗量的相关分析

箭胡毛杨为杨树新培育品种,在其良种繁育中,采穗圃建设是重要环节。通过对４种不同采穗母株的作业方式和４种不同定植密度处理与母株产穗量的分析,探明了箭胡毛杨良种采穗圃营建的主要技术问题。结果表明,５、１０、１５、２０ ｃｍ ４种母株截干作业对穗条的生产量影响差异性显者;３０ ｃｍ × ４０ ｃｍ、 ４０ ｃｍ × ５０ ｃｍ、 ４０ ｃｍ × ６０ ｃｍ、 ５０ ｃｍ × ６０ ｃｍ ４种密度处理对有效穗条的生产量影响差异性显著; ５ ｃｍ与１０ ｃｍ截干作业处理之间对有效穗条产量影响差异性不显著;５、１０、１５ｃｍ处理之间对总穗条产量影响差异性不显著; ４０ｃｍ×５０ｃｍ、４０ｃｍ×６０ｃｍ、 ５０ｃｍ×６０ ｃｍ密度处理之间对有效稳条产量影响差异性不显著;采穗母株作业方式与定植密度间存在互作效应; ４０ ｃｍ× ５０ ｃｍ株行距配合 ５～ １０ ｃｍ截干作业方式可提高苗圃单位面积的穗条产量。     

智利外海茎柔鱼资源密度分布与渔场环境的关系

根据2006年4-6月我国鱿钓船对东南太平洋智利外海茎柔鱼探捕所获资料,采用效能比方法,对茎柔鱼资源密度指标CPUE值进行了估算.分析表明,整个探捕海域均有茎柔鱼分布,且资源密度较高,但不同区域资源密度有所差异.南部区域(78°30'～84°W,37°30'～41°S),CPUE范围为0.4～10.3尾/线·h,平均2.8尾/线·h,高CPUE(5.0尾/线·h以上)区域分布在79°～79°30'W、40°～40°30'S附近.北部区域(76°～78°W,28°～30°S),CPUE范围为1.0～5.6尾/线·h,平均3.1尾/线·h,高CPUE(5.0尾/线·h以上)区域分布在28°30'S、77°W附近.南部和北部区域的温盐结构差异显著,南部区域各层的水温和盐度均低于北部区域相应水层.经分析,南部区域CPUE与上层(25～75 m)水温和深水层(300～325 m)盐度的关系较为密切,北部区域CPUE与深层水温(150～250 m)和盐度的关系较为密切.     

Evaluation of angler reporting accuracy in an off‐site survey to estimate statewide steelhead harvest

Accuracy of angler‐reported data on steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), harvest in Idaho, USA, was quantified by comparing data recorded on angler harvest permits to the numbers that the same group of anglers reported in an off‐site survey. Anglers could respond to the off‐site survey using mail or Internet; if they did not respond using these methods, they were called on the telephone. A majority of anglers responded through the mail, and the probability of responding by Internet decreased with increasing age of the respondent. The actual number of steelhead harvested did not appear to influence the response type. Anglers in the autumn 2012 survey overreported harvest by 24%, whereas anglers in the spring 2013 survey under‐reported steelhead harvest by 16%. The direction of reporting bias may have been a function of actual harvest, where anglers harvested on average 2.6 times more fish during the spring fishery than the autumn. Reporting bias that is a function of actual harvest can have substantial management and conservation implications because the fishery will be perceived to be performing better at lower harvest rates and worse when harvest rates are higher. Thus, these findings warrant consideration when designing surveys and evaluating management actions.     

6-9月秘鲁外海茎柔鱼资源的空间异质性研究

根据2003-2012年6-9月(2005年数据缺失)秘鲁外海茎柔鱼渔获数据,利用全局和局部自相关性分析,结合半变异函数模型,探讨秘鲁外海茎柔鱼资源分布的异质性特点,并寻找影响茎柔鱼空间分布的关键环境因子。研究认为:(1)全局自相关统计量Moran’s I和局部自相关统计量Getis-Ord Gi*的Z得分结果显示,秘鲁外海茎柔鱼呈斑块状中等程度的聚集分布,7月份的聚集性强;(2)趋势性分析认为,6-9月茎柔鱼资源在南北方向上基本都呈现出南低北高的变化趋势,而东西方向上均呈现出中间高两端低的分布趋势;(3)6、8月份的最优模型为高斯模型,7月份的最优模型为球状模型,9月份的最优模型为指数模型,6-9月份的块金系数分别为41.33%、24.66%、25.89%和35.42%,其反映了中等程度自相关性,与全局自相关的分析结果一致;(4)相关性检验认为,秘鲁外海茎柔鱼资源局部聚集分布主要是受到海表面高度的影响。对秘鲁外海茎柔鱼资源分布空间异质性的研究,对揭示其栖息地分布及其生态学意义具有一定的作用。     

Appraisal and standardization of curvilinear velocity (VCL) cut‐off values for CASA analysis of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) sperm

One of the basic steps in objective analysis of sperm motility is the subdivision of a motile sperm population into slow, medium and rapid categories based on their velocity. However, for CASA analysis of quail sperm, the velocity values for categorization of slow, medium and rapid sperm have not yet been standardized. To identify the cut‐off values of “velocity curvilinear” (VCL) for quail sperm categorization, we captured and analysed 22,300 tracks of quail sperm using SCA^®‐CASA. The median and mean VCL values were 85 and 97 μm/s. To define the VCL cut‐off values, we used two methods. In the first, we identified the upper (rapid sperm) and lower (slow sperm) cut‐off values using: (i) median VCL ± 25% or ± 50% or ± 75% of median VCL value; (ii) first and third quartile values of VCL data (i.e. 25% cut‐off setting); and (iii) 33% and 66% of VCL data. Among these settings, sperm categories and their corresponding motility characteristics recorded using the “25%” setting (i.e. slow ≤36 ≤ medium ≤154 ≤ rapid) were found the most realistic and coherent with male ranking by fertility. In the second method, we calculated heteroscedasticity in the total VCL data using PCA and the two‐step clustering method. With this approach, the mean of the high and low clusters was 165 and 51 μm/s, respectively. Together, the mean from two methods suggested that, for SCA^®‐CASA categorization of quail sperm, sperm should be classed as “rapid” at VCL ≥160 μm/s and “slow” at VCL ≤45 μm/s.