小麦抗叶锈病遗传研究进展

随着气候变化以及耕作制度的改变,近年来,小麦叶锈病有加剧危害的趋势,培育抗病品种是减轻小麦叶锈病危害最经济环保的途径。本文综合国内外的研究状况,对小麦叶锈病病原菌、抗叶锈基因定位、抗病育种所取得的研究进展进行了综述,并提出研究对策和展望,为抗叶锈基因的深入研究和分子标记辅助育种奠定理论基础。     

抗TY红果番茄新品种长丰10号的选育

番茄新品种长丰10号是以R025自交系为母本,以R018自交系为父本于2011年配制的杂交一代良种。无限生长红果类型,生长势强,叶片较大,中早熟。坐果率高,连续结果能力强,平均每667 m2产量7 600 kg左右。萼片基平,果实高圆形,果柄短,无绿色果肩,果脐小,表面光滑,外形美观。果实硬度好,耐贮运,货架寿命长,单果质量200 g左右,大小均匀。可溶性固形物含量5.7%,总糖3.34%,总酸0.335%。含有Ty-1、Ty-3基因,抗番茄黄化曲叶病毒病(抗TY)。适宜在陕西省及同等生态区日光温室和塑料大棚栽培。     

Effects of landscape composition on spread of an herbicide-resistant weed

Widespread adoption of genetically modified glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops in the US has dramatically changed the agricultural landscape to one that selects for establishment and spread of weedy species resistant to glyphosate, a commonly applied herbicide. Weed species that possess the means to readily spread across the landscape will be contained by weed management strategies that limit weed establishment and prevent seed set. An empirically-derived simulation model was developed to explore GR Conyza canadensis spread in relation to characteristics of the agricultural landscape. C. canadensis seeds are carried in the wind and move among fields and therefore, access high quality habitat (GR crops) at long distances. The baseline scenario was the current GR adoption levels in many US agricultural landscapes with corn and soybean rotated annually. Alternate scenarios examined the interacting effects of management uniformity (GR crop adoption) and increased landscape richness (three crops: corn, soybean, alfalfa, instead of two), over a 10 year simulation period. When landscape uniformity increased (increased GR corn adoption), 3× more fields would be infested with the resistant biotype and a specific field would have up to 24% greater likelihood of being infested compared to the current GR crop adoption levels. Increased landscape richness (adding alfalfa as a third crop) slightly decreased GR C. canadensis abundance. Reduced GR management uniformity by way of reducing GR soybeans to half their current adoption levels had the greatest impact on spread and prevented GR C. canadensis from reaching high abundance. Large-scale reliance on glyphosate for weed management has increased high-fitness habitat and will result in rapid spread of glyphosate-resistant weeds. Without significant reductions of glyphosate use and without spatial coordination of weed and crop management practices, GR weeds will continue to spread rapidly and impact agricultural practices in areas reliant on glyphosate.     

紫珍香葡萄自交后代对霜霉病抗性鉴定及叶片相关生化指标分析

在葡萄霜霉病盛发期,通过田间自然鉴定和对感病前后叶片中PPO、PAL的活性进行测定,研究紫珍香自交后代的6个株系对霜霉病的抗性。结果表明:PPO、PAL 2个防御酶活性与供试葡萄抗性间存在正相关,6个供试株系对霜霉病的抗性存在显著差异,其中08-88的抗性最强,显著高于抗病亲本紫珍香;08-420、8-51的抗病性中等;08-1410、8-960、8-13的抗病性最弱,且显著低于对照。     

广州地区小菜蛾对Bt和阿维菌素敏感性的测定

采用叶片残留法测定了广州地区小菜蛾对Ｂｔ和阿维菌素的敏感性。结果表明,以ＬＣ５０比值分析,广州地区田间小菜蛾对福建Ｂｔ、湖北Ｂｔ、深圳Ｂｔ和揭阳Ｂｔ的抗性倍数分别为１．４４、２．９０、３．８２、３．００;对阿维菌素的抗性,以ＬＣ５０比值分析,３龄、４龄幼虫分别为２．３９倍和２．８６倍;以ＬＣ９５比值分析,３龄、４龄幼虫分别为４．２４倍和７．１１倍。从毒力回归直线方程斜率值分析,广州地区小菜蛾对几种Ｂｔ和阿维菌素有产生较高抗药性的发展趋势。     

番茄抗青枯病育种研究进展

综述国内外番茄抗青枯病育种的研究进展,包括青枯病菌的病原分化及抗性遗传,接种方法,品种筛选和育种手段,并对育种前景进行了探讨。     

香菇过氧化物酶同工酶变化与香菇菌株绿色木霉抗性的关系

对培养一定时间的香菇菌丝接种绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)后过氧化物酶同工酶的变化进行了研究。结果表明,香菇菌丝接种木霉后,其过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱均有所变化,抗霉能力强的品种,酶谱谱带增加两条以上,而抗性一般和抗性弱的香菇品种,其酶谱谱带仅增加一条或反而减少。     

小偃9323的抗条锈性遗传分析

为了解小偃9323抗条锈性的遗传规律,在常温（10~16℃）下,以小偃 9323和铭贤169 的杂交群体为研究对象,采用我国目前小麦条锈菌流行小种CYR30、CYR31、CYR32、SU114、SU1111对供试群体进行苗期接种,分析杂交后代的抗病性及其分布情况。结果表明,小偃9323对CYR30、CYR31和SU114的抗病性均由两对隐性基因控制,对CYR32和SU1111的抗病性由一对隐性基因控制。     

东北春玉米区玉米栽培品种对大斑病抗性水平研究

通过人工接种,利用分离纯化的玉米大斑病强毒力菌株和混合菌株对2008～2009年从东北地区收集的269份玉米品种进行温室和大田玉米大斑病抗性水平鉴定。结果表明,温室鉴定条件下这些栽培品种对玉米大斑病抗性水平较低,田间人工接种和自然发病处理整体表现抗玉米大斑病水平较高。田间人工接种处理高感病品种(HS)占0.37%,感病(S)品种占4.83%,中抗(MR)品种占31.60%,抗病(R)品种占55.02%,高抗(HR)品种占7.80%;温室人工接种处理高感品种占64.31%,感病品种占21.56%,中抗品种占10.40%,抗病品种仅占3.72%;田间自然发病处理高感病品种为0,感病品种占1.11%,中抗品种占10.40%,抗病品种占22.68%,高抗品种占65.80%。     

大麦品种扬农啤5号的黄花叶病抗性QTL定位

为分析大麦黄花叶病抗性基因的位置和效应,以高抗大麦品种扬农啤5号和感病大麦品种日引3号构建的253个RIL群体及亲本为材料,利用在双亲间具有多态性的108对SSR分子标记构建遗传群体连锁图谱,结合大麦黄花叶病抗性表型数据,采用QTL IciMapping 4.0软件进行大麦黄花叶病抗性QTL分析。结果表明,在大麦染色体1H、2H、5H和7H共检测到6个与大麦黄花叶病抗性相关的QTL,这6个QTL对大麦黄花叶病抗性的贡献率为4.39%～14.92%。其中,位于2H染色体的QTL qRYM-2Hb在3年9个时期均能检测到,介于标记区间GBM1309～EBmac0415,可解释5.70%～14.92%的表型变异,与已定位的 Rym16~(Hb)的位置相近,可能是 Rym16~(Hb)的等位基因;位于2H染色体的QTL qRYM-2Ha在2年3个时期均能检测到,介于标记区间EBmac0640～Bmag0744,可解释5.00%～10.88%的表型变异,可能是1个新的抗性位点;其他4个抗性QTL均仅在1年1个时期检测到,是否真实存在尚需进一步验证。同时,所有QTL的加性效应均为负值,表明定位的6个大麦黄花叶病抗性基因均来自母本扬农啤5号。