Dietary histidine requirement of juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)

An eight‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary histidine requirement of juvenile blunt snout bream. The results showed that final body weight, weight gain rate and specific growth rate significantly increased with increasing dietary histidine levels up to 9.9 g/kg (p < .05) and decreased gradually thereafter, while feed conversion ratio showed a converse trend. The survival rate, condition factor, viscerosomatic and hepatosomatic index were not significantly affected by the graded dietary histidine levels (p > .05). About 9.9 g/kg dietary histidine level significantly improved whole‐body protein and lowered moisture content. The contents of plasma total protein, cholesterol, urea and triglyceride levels were not significantly affected by dietary histidine levels. About 9.9 g/kg dietary histidine level significantly upregulated target of rapamycin and insulin‐like growth factor mRNA levels (p < .05), and 12.1 g/kg and 14.2 g/kg dietary histidine levels significantly upregulated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E‐binding protein 2 and ribosomal protein S6 kinase‐polypeptide 1 mRNA levels (p < .05). Based on second‐degree polynomial regression analysis of weight gain rate, and specific growth rate against dietary histidine levels, the dietary histidine requirement for juvenile blunt snout bream was estimated to be 11.2 g/kg of diet, corresponding to 36.1 g/kg of dietary protein.     

Graded replacing fishmeal with canola meal in diets affects growth and target of rapamycin pathway gene expression of juvenile blunt snout bream,Megalobrama amblycephala

A feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of replacing fishmeal (FM) with canola meal (CM) on the growth performance, feed utilization and related gene expression of juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Fishes were fed with five isonitrogenous (330 g/kg crude protein) and isoenergetic (15 MJ/kg) diets for 16 weeks, which was graded replacing levels of fishmeal (replacing 0, 37.5, 75, 112.5 and 150 g/kg FM with CM). The results revealed that specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio of the groups with replacement level up to half were significantly higher than the others, while feed intake was inverse. Peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) mRNA level in the gut was significantly up‐regulated in groups CM25 and CM50 compared to other groups. Relative gene expression of IGF‐1 among groups was extremely significant based on the nonparametric test. Replacement of FM with CM caused a reduction in the hepatic expression of target of rapamycin (TOR), while significant increase trends were observed in hepatic genes of protein kinase B (AKT) and eIF4‐binding protein (4E‐BP2). However, TOR gene expression in the gut was significantly up‐regulated first and then down‐regulated, while mRNA levels of 4E‐BP2 and S6K1 in the gut were first significantly decreased and then increased in CM75, finally significantly decreased to the lowest. The overall results indicated that up to 75 g/kg FM could be replaced by CM (350.5 g/kg CM) in the diets for juvenile blunt snout bream. Besides, these signalling molecules could explain further the mechanisms that juvenile blunt snout can only maintain optimal growth performance up to 75 g/kg FM replacement with CM.     

Deficiency of dietary niacin decreases digestion and absorption capacities via declining the digestive and brush border enzyme activities and downregulating those enzyme gene transcription related to TOR pathway of the hepatopancreas and intestine in young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

To investigate the effects of niacin on growth, digestion and absorption capacity, and the potential mechanism for digestive and brush border enzyme activities, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) (256 ± 0.41 g) were fed diets containing 3.95 (basal diet group), 14.92, 24.98, 35.03, 44.97 and 55.01 mg niacin kg^?1 diet for 8 weeks. Results indicated that percentage weight gain (PWG), feed intake and feed efficiency were the lowest in basal group (P < 0.05). Similarly, niacin deficiency decreased hepatopancreas trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase and amylase activities (P < 0.05), intestinal Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase, alkaline phosphatase, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase and creatine kinase (CK) activities, the cholecystokinin (CCK) content in proximal intestine (PI) and growth hormone content in serum (P < 0.05). Furthermore, niacin deficiency downregulated gene expression of hepatopancreas trypsinogen 1, trypsinogen 2, chymotrypsinogen and amylase, intestinal Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase alpha subunit isoform 1, Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase alpha subunit isoform 8 and CK, and target of rapamycin (TOR) and S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) of hepatopancreas and intestine (P < 0.05), whereas upregulated eIF4E‐binding protein (4EBP) gene expression (P < 0.05). The niacin requirement for young grass carp (256–689 g) based on PWG, hepatopancreas trypsin activity and Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase in PI was 34.01, 35.10 and 42.08 mg kg^?1 diet, respectively.     

Response of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) to increasing levels of dietary lysine in zero fish meal diets

To investigate the response of gibel carp to dietary lysine levels in zero fish meal (FM) diets, 8 experimental diets were designed. Among them, diet 1 and diet 2 with 150 g/kg FM, methionine, lysine and threonine were supplemented in diet 2. Diet 3 was without FM but matched the amino acid profile of diet 2 except for lysine. Diets 4–8 were based on diet 3, with graded levels of lysine. After 8‐week feeding trail, final body weight, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed intake were significantly improved by diets 1–2 and 6–8 compared with diet 3. Plasma glucose, triglyceride, immunoglobulin G and aspartate aminotransferase levels in diets 4–8 were higher than those in diet 1. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of protein, energy, methionine, lysine, valine, histidine and phenylalanine in diet 1 were significantly lower than those in diet 6. The highest ADC of isoleucine was found in diet 3. TOR, IGF‐1, JAK3, STAT4, STAT6 and PepT2 mRNA levels were significantly increased with increasing dietary lysine up to a certain level in zero FM diet and lower than diets 1–2. Based on WG and FCR, the optimal lysine requirement of juvenile gibel carp was determined to be 24.4 g/kg and 24.2 g/kg (65.9 g/kg and 65.4 g/kg of dietary protein) in zero FM diet, respectively, using quadratic regression analysis.     

氨基酸感知与代谢调控的研究进展

氨基酸不仅是蛋白质和其他含氮化合物合成的重要前体,还参与体内主要代谢途径的调控。当氨基酸不足时,机体内多种机制参与调节体内平衡,包括快速停止蛋白质合成、增加氨基酸合成和转运,以及加强自噬作用。越来越多的学者证明氨基酸可作为信号分子参与细胞内信号传导过程,可以调节其他营养素如脂肪和能量的代谢,最终导致机体整体代谢的改变。本文主要综述细胞内氨基酸的营养感知与应答机制,涉及氨基酸应答(AAR)和雷帕霉素靶蛋白(TOR)2条信号转导通路,并探讨这2条信号通路对下游营养素代谢途径的调节。     

TOR途径对玉米大斑病菌发育调控作用的研究

 大斑刚毛球腔菌(Setosphaeria turcica)引起的玉米大斑病(Northern corn leaf blight)是危害玉米的一种重要真菌性叶部病害。大量研究表明,真菌病原物的生长发育及致病性受多种信号转导途径的调控,其中TOR是雷帕霉素的作用靶标,它既是一种蛋白激酶,也是一种信号转导分子,在调控细胞生长方面起核心作用。本试验用雷帕霉素处理玉米大斑病菌菌株,观察其菌落生长、菌丝形态、产孢量、附着胞形成及穿透情况。结果表明,当雷帕霉素处理浓度为25 ng·mL^-1时,菌落直径为1.65 cm,抑菌率达到81.9%, 雷帕霉素对菌丝体生长的半抑制浓度IC₅₀为0.665 ng·mL^-1;病菌产孢量为0.1×10⁴个·mL^-1,仅为对照组的10%。随着雷帕霉素浓度的增加,分生孢子萌发、附着胞形成及穿透能力均被不同程度抑制,但形态未出现异常。qRT-PCR分析表明,雷帕霉素处理后,StTOR、StTAP42及PP2A结构亚基StPP2A-A和调节亚基StPP2A-B的表达均显著下调。第5 d时,分别降低至甲醇对照组的约42%、38%、47%和42%;第10 d时,分别降低至甲醇对照组的约36%、31%、26%和21%,而PP2A的催化亚基StPP2A-C表达量变化不显著,表明雷帕霉素在抑制TOR活性的同时,还可以抑制StTOR、StTAP42及PP2A结构亚基和调节亚基的转录。本研究为深入探究TOR信号通路对玉米大斑病菌发育过程的调控作用提供了依据。     

A comparative study on protein‐sparing effects among juvenile Erythroculter ilishaeformis line,Ancherythroculter nigrocauda line and their hybrid F1 fed diets with different protein to carbohydrate ratios

To investigate the mechanism underlying the difference of dietary protein requirements among Erythroculter ilishaeformis line, Ancherythroculter nigrocauda line and their hybrid F₁ (E. ilishaeformis♀×A. nigrocauda ♂), juvenile fish of these three species with initial body weight (5.86 ± 0.10 g) were fed the six isoenergy diets with different dietary protein/carbohydrate ratios (P/C ratios were 0.56, 0.78, 1.11, 1.61, 2.52 and 4.43, respectively) for 8 weeks. The results showed that the hybrid culter had the higher weight gain rate (WGR), protein efficiency ratio and protein deposition ratio compared with its parents lines; using WGR as a response criteria, the dietary carbohydrate tolerant level of juvenile E. ilishaeformis line, A. nigrocauda line and their hybrid was 24.3%, 28.5% and 29.7%, respectively, and the optimal P/C ratio was 1.69, 1.35, 1.22 and respectively. Dietary carbohydrate activated hepatic protein kinase B (Akt), dietary protein activated hepatic target of rapamycin (TOR) and the induction of mRNA expression of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and pyruvate kinase showed a similar change in hybrid F₁ and its parents. A. nigrocauda had the highest enzymes activities in intestinal protease and amylase, and hybrid culter had the highest intestinal lipase activities. Our results demonstrated that the hybrid culter has the better protein‐sparing effects by increasing carbohydrate metabolism than its parent lines.     

ARID4B在牛磺酸调节成肌细胞C2C12蛋白质合成中的作用

肌肉细胞蛋白质合成能力与畜禽产肉量性状有关,试验旨在探究转录因子AT富集区4B(AT-rich interaction domain 4B,ARID4B)对牛磺酸(Taurine,Tau)调节成肌细胞C2C12蛋白质合成的影响.向体外培养C2C12细胞培养液中分别添加0、60、120、180和240μmol·L-1 T...     

动植物蛋白对日本沼虾生长、肌肉组成、抗氧化、TOR信号通路及食欲调节相关基因表达的影响

为探讨动植物蛋白对日本沼虾生长、肌肉组成、抗氧化、TOR信号通路及食欲调节相关基因表达的影响,实验配制了3组等氮等能饲料,分别为鱼粉组(FM)、混合植物蛋白组(豆粕,菜粕,玉米蛋白粉)(PPB)和混合植物蛋白添加氨基酸组(PPB/Aa),投喂饲养日本沼虾8周。结果发现,PPB和PPB/Aa组日本沼虾增重率和摄食率显著低于FM组,而饲料系数显著高于FM组,各组之间成活率和肌肉必需氨基酸组成无显著差异;FM组肝胰腺丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著低于PPB组和PPB/Aa组,各组谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)无显著差异,PPB与PPB/Aa组血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和ALT的活性均显著高于FM组;与FM组相比,PPB与PPB/Aa组显著降低了雷帕霉素靶蛋白(TOR)、核糖体蛋白S6激酶(S6K)及神经肽(NPY)基因的表达,但各组瘦素(leptin)基因的表达无显著差异。研究表明,鱼粉与混合植物蛋白对日本沼虾肌肉中氨基酸组成无显著影响,但混合植物蛋白源降低了虾的生长和抗氧化能力及TOR信号通路与NP...