Effect of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus and Trichoderma viride on soil health, yield and N-economy of sugarcane cultivation under subtropical climatic conditions of India

Intensive cropping and exhaustive nature of sugarcane–wheat–rice cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia have led to the depletion of soil organic carbon content and inherent soil fertility resulting in a serious threat to the sustainability of these production systems. Bioagents like Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus and Trichoderma viride have great potential to restore soil fertility and promote sugarcane growth. Field experiments, therefore, have been conducted to study the integrated effect of bioagents (G. diazotrophicus and T. viride), Farm Yard Manure (FYM) and fertilizer N on sugarcane rhizosphere, crop yield and N economy for two crop cycles during 2004–2006 and 2005–2007 crop seasons at Lucknow, in the middle Indo-Gangetic plain region. Both bioagents could survive and colonize sugarcane rhizosphere and FYM improved their colonization. Enhanced soil microbial population and microbial carbon (SMC) and nitrogen (SMN) with increasing N level were probably due to more available N in the soil. FYM/bioagents amendment further enhanced the microbial carbon. The uniform increase in the fraction of SMC and SMN of total organic carbon indicated that immobilization/mineralization was being maintained in the soil where enhanced microbial biomass might act later as a source of nutrients.Bioagents ammended FYM enhanced the uptake of N, P and K in sugarcane at all the levels of fertilizer N. It was mainly due to the enhanced nutrient availability in the rhizospheric soil as the soil organic C and available N, P and K content increased with the application of bioagents/FYM. A saving of 76.3 kg N ha⁻¹ was envisaged by the use of G. diazotrophicus inoculated FYM with marginal (2.4 t ha⁻¹) decline in the cane yield. Application of T. viride enriched FYM, however, brought economy in the use of fertilizer N by 45.2 kg ha⁻¹ and also increased the yield by 6.1 t ha⁻¹compared to the control treatment. Overall, strategic planning in terms of an integrated application of these bioagents/manures with fertilizer N will not only sustain soil fertility but will also benefit farmers in terms of reducing their dependence and expenditure on chemical fertilizers.     

利用斑茅cDNA芯片研究甘蔗受黑穗病菌侵染后基因差异表达

为了解甘蔗抗黑穗病的分子机制,利用斑茅干旱胁迫cDNA芯片检测了甘蔗受黑穗病菌胁迫后的基因差异表达。经杂交,在cDNA芯片的3 860个模板中,有效差异表达(Ratio值≥2.0或≤0.5)的基因为101个,其中上调55个,下调46个。部分基因的定量PCR验证表明,芯片杂交结果可靠。上调表达基因经测序、冗余序列剔除,一共获得36个unique ESTs。已知功能的22个上调表达基因,涉及多条生理代谢途径,如光合作用、离子转运和核酸代谢途径;以及多种分子水平的进程,如基因转录、蛋白质合成与修饰以及细胞信号转导等。另外,还检测到14个未知功能基因。结果表明,甘蔗对黑穗病的抗性具有复杂的机制。本研究为解释甘蔗受黑穗病菌胁迫后的基因差异表达及其网络构建奠定了基础,还可以为今后系统研究甘蔗对生物与非生物胁迫的响应机制提供技术支持。     

菜用甘蔗开发利用前景

综述了菜用甘蔗的营养价值、保健功能,以及国内外研究、加工利用现状,并展望了菜用甘蔗的开发利用前景。     

4种除草剂对甘蔗新品种产量及构成因素的影响

以桂糖29号、桂糖02 -1156、桂糖05 -3084、新台糖22号4个甘蔗品种为材料,用56％二甲四氯钠盐、48％蔗草灭、38％莠去津、99.9％乙草胺4种除草剂做防除杂草的田间试验.结果表明:甘蔗产量最高的为38％莠去津胶悬剂处理,但各处理间差异不显著;产量构成因素中,茎径差异显著,株高、有效茎数、分蘖率差异不显著.这4种除草剂对甘蔗安全性好,可做土壤封闭和芽后(3～5叶)处理.其中56％二甲四氯钠粉剂对单子叶杂草防效差,99.9％乙草胺乳油对3叶以上的杂草防效差,38％莠去津胶悬剂防效最佳,田间剂量以3 748 g/hm2为宜.     

甘蔗收获机两段螺旋式扶起机构设计与试验

为了确定两段螺旋式扶起机构的结构参数,运用虚拟技术对该机构和甘蔗扶起过程进行了运动学仿真,设计了两段螺旋式扶起机构样机,在高速摄影的环境下进行了甘蔗扶起性能试验,获得扶起机构对甘蔗的作用及影响规律。结果表明:扶起机构适用于侧向倒伏角为45°～165°的甘蔗;速比为0.59,拣拾段安装角为5°,输送段安装角为60°时,扶起甘蔗效果最好。     

Carboxymethyl lignin as stabilizing agent in aqueous ceramic suspensions

Identifying new uses for residues of industries that process large quantities of biomass, as in bioethanol production, is essential for a sustainable development with reduced impact on the environment, which is the reason why many efforts have been devoted to find noble uses for lignins. In this study, a lignin obtained from sugarcane bagasse in a bioethanol producing plant was carboxymethylated to yield the water-soluble carboxymethyl lignin (CML), which was then used as stabilizing agent in aqueous alumina (Al₂O₃) suspensions. CML had a degree of substitution 0.46 ± 0.01, in relation to the C9 unit of lignin, and behaved as a polyelectrolyte in a large pH range owing to the dissociation of carboxylic groups. The action of CML as stabilizing agent of alumina aqueous suspensions was investigated using viscometry, zeta potential, and photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) measurements, mainly as a function of pH and time. Overall, the results showed that CML had a good performance as a deflocculating agent, because it led to dispersions with low viscosity and small change in particle size as a function of time. The positive effect from the addition of CML was confirmed in the morphological features of the material obtained from the alumina suspensions after elimination of water, as indicated by scanning electron microscopy. The stabilization of alumina suspensions afforded by CML opens the way for similar applications of modified lignins, whose electrical and structural properties may be tuned for specific uses in various industries, including the ceramic industry.     

应用体外产气法研究3种农业废弃物对黑山羊的饲用价值

为了测定甘蔗尾叶、香蕉茎秆、菠萝叶3种热带农业废弃物对海南黑山羊的饲用价值,采用体外产气法测定3种热带农业废弃物的体外干物质消化率和产气量,并测定其营养成分和单宁含量.结果表明:甘蔗尾叶、香蕉茎秆、菠萝叶的体外于物质消化率(IVDMD)依次为49.68％、61.86％和79.56％,饲料相对值(RFV)依次为62.65％、77.23％和139.81％.总产气量(GP)、IVDMD与粗蛋白质(CP)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)均呈负相关,RFV与CP和总能量(GE)呈不显著正相关,而与ADF和NDF呈显著负相关(p＜0.05).综上所述,甘蔗尾叶、香蕉茎秆、菠萝叶对于海南黑山羊均具有一定的饲用价值,可作为黑山羊的粗饲料;在3种废弃物中,菠萝叶的饲用价值最高.     

13个桂糖甘蔗新品种(系)成熟期分析

为了解13个桂糖新品种(系)蔗糖分、理论产糖量变化规律和成熟期情况,对13个桂糖新品种(系)进行为期6个月的13次糖分分析,分析其蔗糖分、理论产糖量变化规律和成熟期情况.结果表明:属特早熟高糖的品种(系)为桂糖02/901,属早熟高糖的品种(系)有桂糖02/761、桂糖02/208、桂糖02/770、桂糖01/122、桂糖02/351、桂糖02/1247和桂糖02/360;属于中熟的品种(系)有桂糖02/133和挂糖99/107;属于晚熟的品种(系)有桂糖99/181、桂糖99/156和桂糖02/833;理论产糖量潜力较高与ROC22相当的品种(系)为桂糖02/901、桂糖01/122和桂糖02/208.结论:不管是早熟材料还是中、晚熟材料,其蔗糖分峰值出现的时间大致相同,而重力纯度的峰值出现则比蔗糖分晚一个半月以上.理论产糖量的峰值出现时间与蔗糖分基本一致,但其后有一个平台期,并可持续到3月底.     

云南割手密血缘F2代抗旱性隶属函数法综合评价

在人工水分胁迫条件下,通过对12份云南西双版纳割手密82-114(简称云割82-114)血缘F2代丙二醛含量(MDA)、相对电导率(PMP)、株高伤害率及+2叶相对重量测定,并采用隶属函数法进行综合分析.结果表明,①09-P58、09-P88、08-821、09-P54、08-719共5份材料抗旱性较强,08-721、09 -P42、09-P68共3份材料抗旱性中等,09-P75、09-P78、09-P109、09-P60共4份材料抗旱性较弱.②12份材料的抗寒性均超过对照新台糖ROC22.可为甘蔗抗旱品种选育提供亲本材料和依据.     

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对甘蔗根系侵染研究

研究菌根对甘蔗的侵染作用具有重要的应用意义.在盆栽灭菌条件下,利用丛技菌根球囊霉菌株Glomus spl对甘蔗品种新台糖22号(ROC22)进行接种实验,研究其对侵染甘蔗根系形成菌根的影响.结果表明:Glomus spl能很好的侵染甘蔗根系,根系有明显的丛技菌根真菌的菌丝、泡囊和孢子;菌根能促进植株生长,表现在植株高度、叶长、绿叶数和茎径都比对照有明显优势.