Faster residue decomposition of brittle stem rice mutant due to finer breakage during threshing

In intensive tropical rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping systems with short fallows, it would be advantageous that rice straw decompose fast enough to facilitate land preparation and planting of the subsequent crop. The straw of a brittle stem rice mutant of IR68 was tested for more rapid decomposition compared with non-brittle IR68 straw. The hypothesis was that the brittle mutant straw would break into smaller pieces during threshing, and that both the smaller piece size and the differences in biochemical straw composition would enable more rapid decomposition. Brittle straw broke into smaller pieces than non-brittle straw during a replicated trial of three threshing methods: hand threshing, pedal threshing, and axial-flow machine threshing. In a litter bag study to determine the effect of straw piece size on decomposition rate of each straw type over 10 weeks, smaller straw pieces decomposed faster than larger pieces as indicated by changes in amount of straw and its C/N ratio over time (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between straw types at the same size. It was concluded that the finer breakage of brittle straw during field operations is likely to be more important than the biochemical differences in overall residue decomposition rate.     

连茬栽培对人工营养土理化性质及番茄产量的影响

通过利用当地的玉米秸秆为主要材料与土壤、草炭分别按不同的比例配制的人工营养土与土壤做比较,通过物理化学的方法检测所配人工营养土的营养成分、物理化学特性的好坏,并在日光温室内对番茄进行试验,研究所配制的人工营养土对番茄的生长发育、产量和各种品质的影响。研究结果表明,人工营养土栽培可以在很大程度上改善番茄植株的产量。在本试验所做的四个处理中,处理B:土:玉米秸秆=1:2+鸡粪(15kgm-3)和处理D:草炭:玉米秸秆=1:2+鸡粪(15kgm-3)的处理效果较好,考虑到经济和节省资源等因素,建议在生产中应用处理B:土:玉米秸秆=1:2+鸡粪(15kgm-3)。     

耕作方式和秸秆还田对直播稻田土壤理化性质及其产量的影响

通过田间试验和土壤理化性质的分析,探讨秸秆还田和土壤耕作方式对直播稻田土壤理化性质和产量的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田使土壤的容重和坚实度降低,总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度升高,同时提高土壤各层的有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量;深耕有利于培肥地力,增加土壤养分含量。不同土壤耕作深度和秸秆还田量对产量影响差异不显著,但农田的可持续发展能力得到了一定提高,同时,秸秆还田还能减少焚烧事件的发生,改善农村生态环境,实现农业清洁生产。     

菇渣和泥炭基质理化特性比较及其调节

为了研究菇渣作为泥炭替代物的可行性,该试验比较了菇渣与泥炭的理化性状,并对菇渣生长障碍因素进行了分析和调节.结果表明:菇渣大粒径较多,透气透水性较好,持水孔隙比泥炭少,浇水需量少次数多,但失水速率比泥炭慢;菇渣毛管水上升速率快,加湿润剂对其作用不明显;菇渣水分特征曲线与泥炭相似;菇渣保肥性能较弱,需要增加施肥次数;菇渣EC值偏高,而泥炭较低,可通过与泥炭按一定比例混合或淋洗方式降低菇渣的EC值;菇渣pH值偏高,可以通过添加硫磺粉、稀硫酸以及与泥炭等低pH值材料混合的措施解决.菇渣经过适当调节及变换一些管理措施,在无土栽培中可以部分替代泥炭.     

立体种植模式下有机肥对“夏黑”葡萄品质及经济效益的影响

以5年生根域限制鲜食“夏黑”葡萄为试材,采用“水肥一体化+根域限制葡萄-菌菇+菌渣还田”的资源循环利用模式,进行鲜食“夏黑”葡萄-菌菇立体种植模式研究,试验设置氨基酸肥（T1）、沼液肥（T2）、有机硅肥（T3）、晖茂有机肥（T4）、对照（CK）共5个处理,通过测定葡萄单果横径、纵径、可溶性总糖、可滴定总酸等品质指标,单株收获果穗数、单穗质量、单果质量等葡萄产量指标,以及菌菇的每一茬产量。结果表明：增施有机肥对葡萄外在品质和内在品质的提高有一定影响,但效果不显著;增施有机肥能提高葡萄产量,有机硅肥（T3）效果最好,为766.28 kg/667 m2;葡萄-菌菇立体种植,能提高设施园艺综合生产效益,施有机硅肥（T3）纯收益最高,11220.80元/667 m2,比对照（CK）收益提高58.11%。结论：在葡萄-菌菇立体种植模式下,增施有机肥能够实现葡萄增质提效、农业增效、农民增收。     

稻田土壤微生物残体积累对外源秸秆输入的响应研究进展

稻田土壤碳循环是我国陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分。促进稻田生态系统碳的固定及稳定对减缓全球气候变化起着不容忽视的作用。微生物主导的有机碳转化过程是土壤碳循环研究的核心,微生物同化代谢介导的细胞残体迭代积累在土壤有机碳长期截获和稳定过程中发挥重要作用。与旱地土壤相比,关于稻田土壤中微生物残体积累动态对外源有机物质如作物秸秆输入的响应及主要影响因子的认识还相对有限,对微生物通过同化作用参与土壤固碳的过程和机制尚缺乏系统认识。基于此,本文介绍了微生物残体对土壤有机碳库形成和积累的重要性及评价指标,重点探讨了秸秆还田对稻田土壤微生物残体积累动态以及外源秸秆碳形成细胞残体转化过程的影响,分析了影响微生物残体积累转化的主要气候因素和土壤因素,最后提出了未来应借助先进的光谱和高分辨率成像技术并结合同位素示踪对微生物残体的稳定性与机理开展更为深入的研究。     

应用TLC-CMS-IR技术检测北芪菇中的L-硒代蛋氨酸

采用薄层层析结合酶解法,从北芪菇中提取、制备硒代蛋氨酸,并对其进行表征分析。结果表明,经酶解展开(正丁醇∶乙酸∶水(7∶1∶2,V/V))和显色后,北芪菇浸提液出现紫色斑点数为4个,其中有1个与硒代蛋氨酸标准品斑点位置一致,其Rf值为0.368;质谱检测显示,北芪菇样液和硒代蛋氨酸标准品基峰质荷比(m/z)均为196 m/z;红外光谱分析显示,北芪菇样液和硒代蛋氨酸标准品均含有N-H,O-H,C-O,C-N,C-Se等功能团;北芪菇中硒代蛋氨酸含量为0.24%。     

不同外援营养液对白灵菇生长的影响

以白灵菇菌株TN01为试材,选取香菇、杏鲍菇、白玉菇3种食用菌菇根为原料配制外援营养液,测定各营养液主要成分含量,并研究了不同类型与浓度营养液对白灵菇菌丝及子实体生长的影响,以期为白灵菇的高产栽培技术提供参考依据。结果表明:与常规PDA培养基相比,适量加入白玉菇菇根提取液可提高白灵菇菌丝生长速度;添加外援营养液对子实体的农艺性状影响不大,对产量有一定的促进作用,其中施用香菇菇根提取液的白灵菇子实体产量最高,小区总产量与对照相比提高了54.6%。施用香菇菇根提取液后对白灵菇子实体中的硝酸盐含量及蛋白质含量有提升的效果,但对亚硝酸盐及粗纤维含量无促增长的效果。     

Efficiency of wheat straw mulching in reducing soil and water losses from three typical soils of the Loess Plateau,China

Mulching the soil surface with a layer of plant residue is considered an effective method of conserving water and soil because it increases water infiltration into the soil, reduces surface runoff and the soil erosion, and reduces flow velocity and the sediment carrying capacity of overland flow. However, application of plant residues increases operational costs and so optimal levels of mulch in order to prevent soil and/or water losses should be used according to the soil type and rainfall and slope conditions. In this study, the effect of wheat straw mulch rate on the total runoff and total soil losses from 60-mm simulated rainstorms was assessed for two intensive rainfalls (90 and 180 mm h⁻¹) on three slope gradients typical conditions on the Loess Plateau of China and elsewhere. For short slopes (1 m), the optimal mulch rate to save water for a silt loam and a loam soil was 0.4 kg m⁻². However, for a clay loam soil the mulch rate of 0.4 kg m⁻² would be optimal only under the 90 mm h⁻¹ rainfall; 0.8 kg m⁻² was required for the 180 mm h⁻¹. In order to save soil, a mulch rate of 0.2 kg m⁻² on the silt loam slopes prevented 60%–80% of the soil losses. For the loam soil, mulch at the rate of 0.4 kg m⁻² was essential in most cases in order to reduce soil losses substantially. For the clay loam, 0.4 kg m⁻² may be optimal under the 90 mm h⁻¹ rain, but 0.8 kg m⁻² may be required for the 180 mm h⁻¹ rainstorm. These optimal values would also need to be considered alongside other factors since the mulch may have value if used elsewhere. Hence doubling the optimal mulch rate for the silt loam soil from 0.2 kg m⁻² or the clay loam soil under 90 mm h⁻¹ rainfall from 0.4 kg m⁻² in order to achieve a further 10% reduction in soil loss needs to be assessed in that context. Therefore, Optimal mulch rate can be an effective approach to virtually reduce costs or to maximize the area that can be treated. Meantime, soil conservationist should be aware that levels of mulch for short slopes might not be suitable for long slopes.     

金针菇菌渣有机肥对棉花产量及经济效益影响

以棉花为材料，在山东省德州市平原县前曹镇进行小区试验，试验共设菌渣有机肥作基肥、与化肥不同比例配施和农民习惯性施肥7个处理，研究施用金针菇菌渣有机肥对棉花产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明，菌渣有机肥可替代化肥在棉花上做基肥施用，可促进棉花增产，菌渣有机肥配合化肥使用效果较好，施用3000kg·hm-2菌渣有机肥和187．5kg·hm-2复合肥（15：15：15）的处理最佳，比农民习惯施肥增产8．2％，效益提高9．6％。