棉花产量与品质改进新对策

世界经济形势对棉花作为主导的纺织纤维来源提出了挑战.过去10年中,世界棉花的丰产性育种进展不大,棉农种植棉花的收益较低,棉花生产效益不稳.从目前单产水平的这种停滞状态可看出在多年的育种进程中,棉花从种植到成熟过程中产量组分所受到的生理限制.就改进产量的育种对策而言,注重产量组分比之注重衣分或铃数更为重要,此外应注重的是棉株的生理特性,如种子的含油量.而在产量处于徘徊的这段时期,经济的竞争使世界纺纱与纺织技术加速改进,以满足棉纤维品质的需求.在棉纤维加工过程中,短绒(12.7mm及以下绒长)的问题往往是造成棉纱拉力降低,尤其是对气流纺织技术.随着乌斯特公司"高级纤维信息系统"R的问世,已可以在对棉纤维长度分类时直接对棉短绒含量进行测定.本文的目的是讨论如何在保持现有纤维品质的前提下,采用新的技术与对策进一步提高产量.     

Ethanol vapor and saprophytic yeast treatments reduce decay and maintain quality of intact and fresh-cut sweet cherries

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of an ethanol vapor release pad and a saprophytic yeast Cryptococcus infirmo-miniatum (CIM) to reduce decay and maintain postharvest quality of intact or fresh-cut sweet cherries (Prunus avium) cv. Lapins and Bing. Intact or fresh-cut fruit were packed in perforated clamshells (capacity 454 g) and stored at 1, 10 or 20 °C for up to 21, 14 and 8 d, respectively. For ethanol treatment, a pad made with silica gel powder containing 10 g ethanol and covered with perforated film, which allows ethanol vapor to diffuse gradually, was attached to the upper lid of the clamshells. Ethanol treatment caused accumulation of ethanol in the packaging headspace, about 10 μL L⁻¹ with little change within 14 d at 1 °C, 23 μL L⁻¹ at d 1 and decreased to 15 μL L⁻¹ at d 10 at 10 °C, and 26 μL L⁻¹ at d 1 and decreased to 13 μL L⁻¹ at d 3 at 20 °C. Ethanol content in fruit was less than 9 mg kg⁻¹ in all the control fruit, and increased to 16, 34 and 43 mg kg⁻¹ in ethanol-treated fruit at 1, 10 and 20 °C, respectively. Nonetheless, a sensory taste panel did not perceive any flavor difference from the ethanol treatment. The ethanol treatment retarded softening, darkening, and acid decrease in fruit as well as discoloration of the stems, and extended shelf-life of intact cherries. Ethanol reduced brown rot (Monilinia fructicola) in fresh-cut cherries stored at 20 °C, but not at 1 and 10 °C. A pre-packaging dip in CIM completely controlled brown rot in inoculated fresh-cut cherries stored at 1 °C, and in naturally infected cherries at 20 °C.     

GIS技术在中国农业气候区划中的应用进展

地理信息系统（GIS）的空间分析功能与传统区划方法的结合,可以得到更加精细的农业气候区划结果,其作为一种技术手段已经广泛应用于农业气候区划,为当地农业生产决策提供可靠的依据。笔者着重从气候要素细网格化、区划成果数字化、信息服务、“3S”技术相结合等四个方面,总结GIS技术在中国农业气候区划中的应用进展,对应用中所存在的问题进行分析讨论,提出将来可能的研究方向,以期对该领域的研究提供参考。几点建议如下：（1）进行农业气候区划时应综合考虑多种自然环境因素和社会因子;（2）运用GIS技术进行“自下而上”的区域合并过程中,需要更好地结合自动合并与人工合并;（3）区划指标应考虑运用逻辑交集运算;（4）建立基于Web技术的开放式共享GIS农业气候区划平台;（5）GIS结合GPS、卫星遥感数据可以从宏观的角度全面监测农作物的整个生长发育过程,对指导农业生产具有重要的应用价值。     

The role of agroforestry in the farming systems in Rwanda with special reference to the Bugesera-Gisaka-Migongo (BGM) region

The Rwandan farmers, faced with a perpetual land shortage, have evolved certain intensive systems of organic agriculture. These systems, particularly the homestead (compound) farming, involve the combination of food, fodder and tree crops. to a certain extent these systems can satisfy the multiple needs of the subsistence farmers living under several risks and constraints. However, they cannot cope with the expanding food demand of the rapidly increasing population. Some multipurpose, low-input technologies and agroforestry approaches have been designed to improve the productivity of these traditional systems; these include inter/mixed cropping systems and rotations, alley cropping with leguminous trees and shrubs, use of planted fallow, planting tree legumes on anti-erosive lines, mixed farming,community forestry and woodlots, and tree planting on farm/field boundaries. The essential aspects of these technologies are briefly discussed.ISAR-IITA FSR PROJECT, B.P. 629, Kigali RwandaISAR-Swiss Intercooperation, c/o Forestry Department, B.P. 617, Butare, Rwanda     

冬枣自发气调(MAP)贮藏技术研究

应用不同类型和不同规格塑料保鲜材料,采用不同包装方式,对冬枣进行自发气调(MAP)试验,试验选出了冬枣适宜的塑料保鲜材料和包装方式分别为;0．02mm聚氯乙烯打18扎和0．02mm聚氯乙烯打12扎。     

板栗贮藏中的主要病害及其防治

为了提高板栗的贮藏保鲜效果,开发无公害的天然保鲜剂,以北京产板栗为试材,通过对板栗贮藏期间主要病害病原菌的多次分离、鉴定、接种,初步判断引起板栗贮藏病害的主要病原菌为松生厚星裂壳孢和可可毛球二孢,利用厚朴提取物洗果,可以减少板栗贮藏病害的发生,试验结果表明,在发病高峰时对照发病率为18.35%,利用厚朴提取物洗果的发病率为2.85%￣3.03%。     

储藏对稻米淀粉结构及含量的影响

综述了储藏对稻米淀粉的含量及其结构影响。分析了稻米淀粉的结构，讨论了储藏对稻米直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量与结构的影响。在此基础上，提出加强储藏过程中稻米中支链淀粉和直链淀粉中不溶性组分的含量及其结构变化等的研究，将有利于解析储藏过程中稻米淀粉特性的变化及其对稻米品质的影响。     

不同含水量苦瓜种子的贮藏研究

苦瓜种子初始含水量为8.81%,用氯化钙为干燥剂将种子含水量降至5.85%、4.09%、3.45%和2.71%。室温下密闭贮藏各批种子,以开放贮藏的种子作为对照,每隔3个月取出检测生活力和活力,包括发芽试验、膜透性试验、挥发性醛含量的测定和抗老化试验。1a的监测结果显示：苦瓜种子开放贮藏时生活力和活力下降最快,经过脱水干燥的种子耐藏性增强,随着种子含水量的降低,生活力和活力增强,2.71%含水量的苦瓜种子贮藏效果最好。     

小麦远缘杂交后代节燕98-2分离类型贮藏蛋白的研究

采用A-PAGE和SDS-PAGE聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法,对远缘组合分离出来的节燕98-2类型入选11个遗传性基本稳定的具有高产、多抗的小麦株系的醇溶蛋白和高分子量谷蛋白亚基进行了分析.结果表明,在A-PAGE电泳分析中,11个供试株系具有11种不同的醇溶蛋白带型.在SDS-FAGE电泳分析中,出现了7种不同的高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)及6种亚基组合类型,优质亚基及亚基组合所占的比例较少,品质评分偏低,其变幅为5～8分,平均为6.36分.但在所分析的材料中,出现了一个少见的特殊亚基:2 10 12.并研究了这些HMW-GS和组合频率及特点.11个株系中7个具有45 10优质亚基和2个具有2*亚基,它们可供小麦优质育种利用.研究表明,通过远缘杂交能够选育出具有高产、抗病和优质的小麦新材料.     

腐植酸提高食用型甘薯块根可溶性糖含量的生理基础

选用典型的食用型甘薯品种北京553,设置施用腐植酸和对照处理,于2008-2009年2个生长季在山东农业大学农学试验站进行试验。在甘薯块根膨大过程中定期取样,测定块根可溶性糖和淀粉含量及相关酶活性、功能叶蔗糖含量及相关酶活性变化。结果表明, 与对照比较,施用腐植酸显著提高了功能叶磷酸蔗糖合酶活性和蔗糖含量,生育期内平均增幅分别为30.90%和9.48%,显著降低了块根蔗糖合酶活性,平均降幅为11.04%,促进了蔗糖、果聚糖等在块根中的积累;同时,施用腐植酸还显著提高了块根中淀粉酶活性,α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶平均增幅分别为11.33%、15.70%,促进了后期葡萄糖、果糖等在块根中的积累。在甘薯收获期,块根可溶性总糖含量提高了15.49%、淀粉含量降低了3.56%。总之,施用腐植酸能够增加块根中蔗糖的供应量、抑制可溶性糖向淀粉转化、促进淀粉水解,这些是提高块根可溶性总糖含量的生理基础。