兰州市高校校园绿地群落物种组成及多样性分析

初步尝试采用天然群落样带调查法对兰州市几所具有代表性高校校园绿地群落进行调查,分析其物种组成、重要值及多样性等特征,为城市生态学研究及校园绿化建设提供理论根据。调查结果表明:5所院校绿化树种中被子植物种类数量均占绝对优势,裸子植物偏少,以蔷薇科、杨柳科、蝶形花科植物为主,显示出北方地域植被的特点;除甘肃农业大学外,其它4所院校绿化树种中的乡土种比例均高于栽培和外来种;甘肃省委党校校园物种种类丰富,均匀度指数较大,多样性较高;其它4所院校绿地群落多样性水平均不高。5所院校校园乔木层、灌木层Shannon-Weiner指数(H’)和Simpon指数的统计结果基本一致。     

碳酸铵对意大利青霉的作用机制及对不同柑橘果实品质的影响

为了寻求一种安全有效的方法防治由意大利青霉（Penicillium italicum）引起的柑橘青霉病,该研究分析了碳酸铵作为通常认为安全的药剂抑制意大利青霉生长的可能作用机制及对脐橙、皇帝柑、沃柑3种不同类型柑橘贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,碳酸铵能抑制意大利青霉孢子萌发和菌丝生长,且呈现剂量依赖效应,在质量浓度分别为 0.4 g/L和0.8 g/L时可完全抑制孢子萌发和菌丝生长。结构观察表明,碳酸铵引起菌丝生长节点稀疏和分支减少;超微结构观察发现菌丝严重皱缩,菌丝线粒体结构异常。生理生化分析表明,碳酸铵处理,引起线粒体的钠/钾离子ATP酶（Na+/ K+-ATPase）、钙离子ATP酶（Ca2+-ATPase）和镁离子ATP酶（Mg2+-ATPase）活性下降,导致还原型谷胱甘肽（Reduced Glutathione,GSH）含量及谷胱甘肽还原酶（Glutathione Reductase,GR）活性降低,活性氧清除体系超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）、过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）、过氧化物酶（Peroxidase,POD）活性紊乱,促进H2O2积累。添加活性氧清除剂半胱氨酸（Cysteine,Cys）能部分恢复碳酸铵处理的病菌孢子萌发。活体接种表明,16 g/L碳酸铵处理显著减小了柑橘果实接种意大利青霉的病斑直径（P<0.05）,减轻果实发病。碳酸铵处理能降低3种类型柑橘果实自然发病率,且对果实失重率、色泽、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C、还原糖含量无不良影响。结果表明,碳酸铵通过损伤意大利青霉菌丝线粒体结构和功能,促进活性氧积累来发挥抗真菌活性,碳酸铵可以作为杀菌剂的绿色有效替代方法,研究结果为碳酸铵防治柑橘果实采后腐烂提供参考。     

Linking habitat suitability and seed dispersal models in order to analyse the effectiveness of hydrological fen restoration strategies

The effectiveness of measures targeted at the restoration of populations of endangered species in anthropogenically dominated regions is often limited by a combination of insufficient restoration of habitat quality and dispersal failure. Therefore, the joint prediction of suitable habitat and seed dispersal in dependency of management actions is required for effective nature management. Here we demonstrate an approach, which links a habitat suitability and a seed dispersal model. The linked model describes potential species distribution as a function of current species distribution, species-specific dispersal traits, the number of successful dispersal events, dispersal infrastructure and habitat configuration. The last two variables were related to water management actions. We demonstrate the applicability of the model in a strategy analysis of hydrological restoration measures for a large fen area in which still numerous endangered plant species grow.With the aid of the linked model, we were able to optimise the spatial planning of restoration measures, taking into account both the constraints of water management practices on abiotic restoration and the effects of habitat fragmentation on dispersal. Moreover, we could demonstrate that stand-alone habitat suitability models, which assume unlimited dispersal, may considerably overestimate restoration prospects. For these reasons, we conclude that linked habitat suitability and dispersal models can provide useful insights into spatially differentiated potentials and constraints of nature restoration measures targeted at the sustainable conservation of endangered plant populations whose habitats have been deteriorated due to undesirable effects of land and water management on abiotic conditions. These insights may contribute to the design of cost-effective nature restoration and conservation measures.     

The future of tropical species in secondary forests: A quantitative review

Deforestation and degradation of tropical old-growth forests has the potential to cause catastrophic species extinctions. In this review, we assess whether regenerating secondary forests (SF) can support species typically found in old-growth forest (OG) and so prevent extinctions. We review 65 studies that compare faunal diversity in SF and corresponding OG, and compare the similarity of species composition both within and between these two forest types using the Sorensen, Morisita-Horn and Sorensen-Chao indices. Comparisons between traditional similarity indices and Sorensen-Chao, which minimizes sampling biases, indicated that limited sampling effort consistently reduced apparent similarity between SF and OG and that similarity between SF and OG is actually higher than previously appreciated. Similarity, which ranges from 0 to 1, varied from 0.49 to 0.92 between replicate OG sites and was correlated with similarity between SF and OG. This correlation might be an artefact of variation among studies in sampling effort, especially for vertebrates where small samples reduce apparent similarity across all comparisons, as well as a real effect of variation among studies in landscape heterogeneity and the presence of species with patchy distributions. Therefore, similarity between SF and OG cannot be interpreted without an understanding of background variation in OG. Similarity between different SF sites provided no evidence that disturbance specialists dominate SF. Similarity to OG increased rapidly with SF age; when SF was contiguous with OG; when SF was growing in small clearings; and after low intensity land uses including clearing only, shifting agriculture and tree plantations. This describes the most frequently observed tropical SF; isolated from roads and on hilly terrain unsuitable for mechanized agriculture. Thus, our analyses indicate that tropical SF can play an important role in biodiversity conservation particularly when OG forests are nearby. An important caveat remains, however. Abundance, geographic range and levels of habitat specialization are often related. Widespread, abundant, habitat generalists might dominate similarity analyses even when relatively rare OG specialists are present. Additional species-level analyses of habitat specialization will be needed before the conservation value of tropical SF is fully understood.     

古尔班通古特沙漠人工梭梭林群落生态特征研究

为探究古尔班通古特沙漠南缘莫索湾地区33年来人工梭梭林群落(依靠天然降水)的生态特征,本文对两种造林技术(积雪-客沙造林和秋灌造林)人工梭梭林地梭梭的长势、草本植物、土壤水分进行了调查和监测。结果表明:(1)积雪-客沙造林和秋灌造林梭梭至今生长良好,目前植株高度和冠幅均大于2 m和2 m~2,当年新生枝条长度均大于20 cm;初始造林梭梭存活率较高,分别为40%和63%;经过自然更新,现有密度均有所提高,人工林形成异龄复层混交林,林下生长有不同优势种的草本植物;土壤含水量均2.00%,能够满足梭梭生长。(2)由于两种造林技术的土地处理方式和初期水分供给量不同,导致两种林地梭梭生长、林下草本植物盖度和多样性以及天然更新梭梭植株数量均有很大差异,整体秋灌造林地的状况优于积雪-客沙造林地。(3)两种造林技术对于当地生态条件均有很好的适应性,虽然积雪-客沙造林密度相对较低,但优于自然植被状况,且造林成本低;秋灌造林密度较大,天然更新植株数量较多,但造林成本高,后期生长较缓慢,需要采取一定的人工措施调整密度。综上可知,积雪-客沙造林和秋灌造林梭梭目前生长均较稳定,后者对该区生态条件适应性更强。     

Relating tradable credits for biodiversity to sustainability criteria in a dynamic landscape

Tradable biodiversity credit systems provide flexible means to resolve conflicts between development and conservation land-use options for habitats occupied by threatened or endangered species. We describe an approach to incorporate the influence of habitat fragmentation into the conservation value of tradable credits. Habitat fragmentation decreases gene flow, increases rates of genetic drift and inbreeding, and increases probabilities of patch extinction. Importantly, tradable credit systems will change the level of fragmentation over time for small and/or declining populations. We apply landscape equivalency analysis (LEA), a generalizable, landscape-scale accounting system that assigns conservation value to habitat patches based on patch contributions to abundance and genetic variance at landscape scales. By evaluating habitat trades using two models that vary the relationship between dispersal behaviors and landscape patterns, we show that LEA provides a novel method for limiting access to habitat at the landscape-scale, recognizing that the appropriate amount of migration needed to supplement patch recruitment and to offset drift and inbreeding will vary as landscape pattern changes over time. We also found that decisions based on probabilities of persistence alone would ignore changes in migration, genetic drift, and patch extinction that result from habitat trades. The general principle of LEA is that habitat patches traded should make at least equivalent contributions to rates of recruitment and migration estimated at a landscape scale. Traditional approaches for assessing the “take” and “jeopardy” standards under the Endangered Species Act based on changes in abundance and probability of persistence may be inadequate to prevent trades that increase fragmentation.     

北京市小龙门国家森林公园大型真菌名录

北京市小龙门国家森林公园大型真菌资源丰富。在保护区内共采集标本212号,鉴定出47种,隶属于2个门、7个目、20个科、47个种。     

厦门筼筜湖游泳生物资源状况

2007年11月和2008年5月,对筼筜湖的游泳生物开展了2个季度的调查.结果显示:调查出现的游泳生物种类有69种.其中鱼类44种,虾类7种,蟹类14种,头足类3种,口足类1种;渔获量的优势种为远海梭子蟹和尼罗罗非鱼,渔获尾数优势种则以硬头鲻和远海梭子蟹为主.湖内刺网平均单位面积渔获量1.0069g/m2·h,单位面积渔获尾数0.0192ind/m2·h.排水口年平均资源指数为1043.317g/网·h,资源密度为148.883ind/网·h.现存资源量为729.752kg,现存资源尾数为10.4168×104尾.调查结果表明,筼筜湖的游泳生物种类比2001年出现的60种和1992年的43种,分别增加15%和60.46%.表明筼筜湖的综合治理取得了明显的生态效果.     

Spatiotemporal dynamics of plant diversity in response to farmers’ evolved settlements in Shanghai

The expansion of the Shanghai metropolitan region has caused a substantial amount of farmland to become urbanized. Most farmers have lost their land and have been relocated from villages to new collective settlements, resulting in dramatic changes in the landscape pattern. This study explores the effects of this transformation on the spatiotemporal dynamics of plant diversity. We randomly sampled 22 plots comprising 294 subplots within two crossed transects that pass through 5 traditional villages and 17 new settlements. The results show that resettlement has exerted significant effects on plant species diversity, both temporally and spatially. Temporally, the Gleason index (GI) of total species over time could be ordered as 1990s > 2000s > 1980s, while Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI) was ordered as 2000s > 1990s > 1980s. Spatially, the GI of total species decreased from the urban center to the exurbs or from the inside to the outside of the built-up areas. SHDI was highest in suburbs or ecotones. Furthermore, the GI of total species had significant correlations with those of indigenous species, exotic species, and planted species (r > 0.90, p < 0.01) as well as with the region and location of settlement (r < −0.48, p < 0.01). Both indigenous and exotic species had significant positive correlations with total species richness at 0.01 levels. Generally, compared with traditional settlements, new settlements displayed greater richness and diversity of plant species, primarily because of the exotic species present in new settlements. The farmers’ socio-economic status was found to be the primary cause of differences in species richness. To protect indigenous and wild species, it is necessary to take into account local knowledge in villages to encourage Chinese farmers to participate actively in community greening. A bridge should be built between traditional villages and modern settlements and between the past and future for farmers.     

云南省六个国家级自然保护区外来入侵草本植物与本地植物的关系

为明确不同自然保护区外来入侵草本植物及其与本地植物多样性之间的关系,以我国生物多样性丰富的云南省为研究对象,于2014年对云南省6个国家级自然保护区的82个1 m2小样方(78个100 m2大样方)中外来入侵草本植物和本地植物物种丰富度和密度进行调查,并分析外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度与本地草本植物物种丰富度、外来入侵草本植物密度与本地草本植物密度的关系及对不同自然保护区外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度的差异进行分析。结果显示,共调查发现22种外来入侵草本植物,其中纳板河流域国家级自然保护区种类最多,达14种,金平分水岭国家级自然保护区仅有2种;6个国家级自然保护区本地草本植物的物种丰富度与外来入侵草本植物的物种丰富度之间、本地草本植物密度与外来入侵草本植物密度之间均呈现正、负2种相关关系,其中哀牢山国家级自然保护区本地草本植物的物种丰富度与外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度呈显著负相关,其它5个国家级自然保护区的相关性均不显著。简单回归分析表明自然保护区外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度与本地草本植物物种丰富度、本地草本植物盖度、本地乔灌木物种丰富度呈显著负相关,多元回归分析结果表明乔灌木物种丰富度和经纬度是造成不同自然保护区外来入侵草本植物物种多样性差异的主要原因。