黄淮南片近年国审小麦品种抗病性分析

[目的]为小麦抗病材料的筛选及抗病品种的推广提供参考。[方法]以黄淮南片45个国审小麦品种为材料,研究其对白粉病、赤霉病、纹枯病、叶锈病、条锈病、秆锈病的抗性。[结果]对白粉病高抗、中抗、中感、高感的品种分别有2、2、21、20个,对赤霉病高抗、中抗、中感、高感的品种分别有0、1、4、4JD个,对纹枯病高抗、中抗、中感、高感的品种分别有0、4、25、16个,对叶锈病免疫、高抗、中抗、中感、高感的品种分别有1、1、1、2、25个。对条锈病高抗、中抗、中感、高感的品种分别有6、8、8、5个,对秆锈病高抗、中抗、中感、高感的品种分别有10、7、12、3个。[结论]供试品种对白粉病、赤霉病、纹枯病的抗性较差,而对3种锈病的抗性相对较好。     

Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions in Maize Growing Season Under Different Fertilizer Regimes in an Upland Red Soil Region of South China

Upland red soils have been identified as major CO2 and N2O sources induced by human activities such as fertilization. To monitor characteristics of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades and to separate the respective contributions of root and heterotrophic respiration to the total soil CO2 and N2O fluxes, the measurements of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes throughout the maize growing season in 2009 were carried out based on a fertilization experiment （from 1990） through of the maize （Zea mays L.） growing season in red soil in southern China. Five fertilization treatments were chosen from the experiment for study： zero-fertilizer application （CK）, nitrogen-phosphorus- potassium （NPK） fertilizer application only, pig manure （M）, NPK plus pig manure （NPKM） and NPK with straw （NPKS）. Six chambers were installed in each plot. Three of them are in the inter-row soil （NR） and the others are in the soil within the row （R）. Each fertilizer treatment received the same amount of N （300 kg ha-1 yr-1）. Results showed that cumulative soil CO2 fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS〉M, NPKM〉NPK〉CK. The contributions of root respiration to soil CO2 fluxes was 40, 44, 50, 47 and 35% in CK, NPK, NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, with the mean value of 43%. Cumulative soil N2O fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS, NPKM〉M〉NPK〉CK, and soil N2O fluxes in R were 18, 20 and 30% higher than that in NR in NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, but with no difference between NR and R in NPK treatment. Furthermore, combine with soil temperature at -5 cm depth and soil moisWxe （0-20 cm） together could explain 55-70% and 42-59% of soil CO2 and N2O emissions with root interference and 62- 78% and 44-63% of that without root interference, respectively. In addition, soil CO2 and N2O flUXeS per unit yield in NPKM （0.55 and 0.10 kg C t^-1） and M （0.65 and 0.13 g N t^-1） treatments were lower than those in other treatments. Therefore, manure application could be a preferred fertilization strategy in red soils in South China.     

赣南松墨天牛生活史研究

针对赣南地区松材线虫病防治的实际需要,研究媒介昆虫松墨天牛(Monochamus alternatus Hope)的生活史.研究表明,赣南松墨天牛1年发生1～2代,以1代为主,2代数量仅约2％;以2～4龄幼虫在树皮下和木质部内越冬为主,占92％～93％,且幼虫越冬需在10～13℃完成,翌年3月中旬恢复活动,继续取食,4月上旬开始化蛹,4月下旬至5月下旬为化蛹盛期,7月中旬化蛹基本结束,最迟11月下旬化蛹结束;越冬代羽化期从4月下旬到8月,5～6月为羽化盛期,第一代10月上旬至11月初羽化;4月中旬到11月初林间可见成虫;全年均有幼虫,有世代重叠现象.     

南方崩岗侵蚀风险评估构想

[目的]探讨南方崩岗侵蚀风险评估构架,为崩岗防治规划及分期治理提供科学依据。[方法]通过引入风险评估的理念和方法,结合崩岗发育研究进展,参照生态环境、地质灾害等风险评估流程。[结果]界定了崩岗侵蚀风险内涵,拟定了崩岗侵蚀风险评估方法,构建了崩岗侵蚀风险评估指标体系,并提出了崩岗侵蚀风险评估程序。[结论]风险评估为崩岗侵蚀乃至土壤侵蚀研究领域提供了一种新的理念和方法。     

Differences in common bean rhizobial populations associated with soil tillage management in southern Brazil

Progressive adoption of no-tillage (NT) agriculture in the tropics is finally reversing physical, chemical, and biological erosion of soil and in Brazil, an estimated 19 Mha are now devoted to NT. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a main component of Brazilian agriculture, and enhancement of yields has been achieved under NT as a result of mitigation of environmental stresses, resulting in higher N₂ fixation. However, the effects of NT on rhizobial diversity are poorly understood. This study evaluated rhizobial diversity in soils planted to common bean under NT or conventional tillage (CT) systems that were compared with natural grassland used for grazing, in the State of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Genetic diversity was assessed by the amplification of the DNA by PCR with specific primers (BOX-PCR) and by RFLP-PCR analyses of the 16S rDNA region. A high level of diversity was observed among strains from all three systems, such that the similarity in the clustering analysis of BOX-PCR products ranged from 36% under natural grassland to only 23% for CT strains. High polymorphism was confirmed in the RFLP-PCR analysis; forty-seven different profiles were obtained, none sharing high similarity with the profiles of reference species of common bean rhizobia. These results indicate that other tropical rhizobial species remain to be described. Genetic diversity was higher among the NT than the CT rhizobial strains, especially when the RFLP-PCR profiles were considered. Genetic diversity in the natural grassland was lower than in the cropped systems, possibly due to absence of the host plant and stubble burning in winter. Average yields in the area under NT (e.g. common bean, approximately 1500 kg ha⁻¹) have been about 30% higher than under CT, therefore high rhizobial diversity may be a parameter indicative of superior soil quality.     

华南石化企业厂区园林绿化探讨

本文依据华南地区石油化工企业的立地条件,对大气造成一定污染的实际情况,提出了在华南地区石油化工企业环境建设中植物品种的选择和植物配置的原则和方法,并对石油化工企业环境中种植的植物进行探讨。     

一年生南方型杨树用作纤维材的研究

以湖北省广泛栽培的11个杨树优良品种为研究对象，对苗圃一年生截杆幼苗用于纤维材的可行性进行了分析，对影响一年生纤维材质量的主导因素进行了评价，并对参试品种培育一年生纤维材的优劣进行了综合评定与排序。结果表明：杨树苗圃一年生幼苗的纤维形态指标与各种主要化学成分含量符合纤维材的要求，培育杨树一年生纤维材在技术指标上可行，经济上合理，并具有良好的社会基础；苗木根系年龄对纤维长度的影响很小，而品种是影响一年生纤维材质量的主导因素；中嘉2号、中潜2号、辽河杨、中嘉5号、中天1号、鲁山杨、中嘉8号及天寅杨等是一年生纤维材定向培育的较好品种。     

Knowledge Levels and Perceived Effect of Climate Change on Extension Delivery in North West Province,South Africa

A simple random sampling technique was used to select 20% of the extension officers in North West Province, South Africa. Data on knowledge levels and perceived effect of climate change on extension delivery were collected and analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, and multiple regression analysis. The results show that a wide range of knowledge levels exists on climate change issues related to causes, effect, vulnerability, and mitigation and that extension officers will have to address new skill requirements for farmers, the need for specialized extension services, and changing and diversified livelihoods. The results have several implications for training and educating extension officers on climate change issues.     

华南地区归化植物新记录

报道了广东省1种新记录归化植物南美天胡荽(Hydrocotyle vulgarisL.)以及海南省2种新记录归化植物——芦莉草(Ruellia tuberosaL.)和钻形紫菀(Aster subulatus Michx.).标本存放于华南农业大学林学院树木学标本室(CANT).     

新隆优一号在皖南地区高产制种技术研究

介绍了宣城市的自然气候特征以及新隆优一号亲本特征与特性，分析了高产制种技术要点。