三江源区人工草地中小型土壤动物群落特征及季节变化

为了解三江源区不同建植年限人工草地的中小型土壤动物群落特征及其变化动态,于2012年4-10月以极度退化草地“黑土滩”为对照,利用定位观测方法对其进行了7次调查。结果表明：共捕获各类中小型土壤动物标本4552只,隶属3门、8纲、23目、55科、65属;大类群中蜱螨目（Acarina）占41.39%,线虫类（Nemata）占26.24%,弹尾目（Collembola）占23.77%,其他类群仅占8.60%;中小型土壤动物群落组成与数量均有明显的季节变化,在4-10月均是先上升后下降,在7-8月均达到最高;其Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson优势度指数和均匀度指数均随着建植年限的增加有显著增加趋势,土壤动物群落结构随着人工草地建植年限的增加愈加稳定,群落稳定性以2000年人工草地最为稳定。     

甘南黄河重要水源补给区生态经济功能区区划研究

以甘南黄河重要水源补给区(以下简称甘南黄河源区)TM遥感影像数据及统计年鉴数据为依据,选用植被覆盖度、水源涵养重要性、土地利用格局、人口密度、农产品提供、动物产品提供等生态因子,用层次分析法(AHP)获得各因子权重,进行分析计算,将甘南黄河源区划分为城镇建设与生态农业经济区、沿黄河水源生态补给区、沿洮河农林生态经济区、畜牧业产品提供与生态旅游区、玛曲畜牧业产品提供区。通过对区域内在联系的分析,阐明不同区域的生态特征和生态经济发展中存在的问题,探讨区域的发展方向、途径和对策,从而为甘南黄河重要水源补给区生态?经济?社会的协调发展提供依据,对甘南黄河源区区域保护、建设和开发具有一定的指导意义。     

叶果比对甜瓜叶片衰老的影响

露地栽培条件下,人为控制厚皮甜瓜单株留叶数,形成不同的叶果比,分析甜瓜叶片净光合速率、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和丙二醛含量变化,探讨叶果比对甜瓜叶片衰老的影响.结果表明,随着叶果比减小叶片生理活性增强,表明增加库的能力,可以增强叶片的生理活性,但叶果比减小到一定程度后,叶片的生理活性不仅不增强反而会减小,这是因为源的减少促进了叶片的早衰,黄河蜜、银峰、玉金香适宜叶果比分别为66、48、30,说明对一个特定品种来说,都有一个源库协调的问题,过多或不及,均不利于延缓叶片的衰老.相同叶果比下,叶片净光合速率、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖下降幅度和丙二醛上升幅度,黄河蜜>银峰>玉金香,说明大果型品种对摘叶处理反应比银峰中果型和小果型更为敏感.生产实践中,通过整枝减小叶果比,对特定的品种形成适宜叶果比来延缓叶片的衰老,大果型品种叶果比>中果型>小果型.     

杂交中稻齐穗期下部叶片对结实率的影响与组合间库源结构的关系

以26个杂交中籼迟熟组合为材料,通过齐穗期剪叶及本田密肥、疏株处理,研究了杂交中稻齐穗期下部叶片对结实率的影响与组合间库源结构的关系.结果表明,杂交中稻齐穗期倒4以下叶片提高结实率的作用程度在杂交组合间存在较大差异,表现为倒4以下叶片提高结实率的作用与组合间着粒数呈极显著正相关关系,当杂交组合群体的着粒数≥185粒/穗时,倒4以下叶片对结实率才有显著作用.原因在于组合间着粒数与单位颖花的绿叶占有量呈极显著负相关关系,着粒数越多的大穗型组合,其"库"" 源"矛盾越大,则越需要充分利用倒4以下叶片的光合物质,才能保证籽粒的正常灌浆结实;反之,着粒数较少的中小穗型组合,其光合源相对较充分,顶部3片叶的光合产物基本能满足籽粒的正常灌浆结实,对下部叶片光合物质量的需求量相对较小.此外,倒4以下叶片提高结实率的作用还与本田移栽密度呈极显著负相关,植株基部光照强度的改善有利于倒4以下叶片提高结实率的作用.     

探索出口食品农产品源头监管新模式

文章分析目前出口食品农产品现状及存在的问题,总结石门出口食品农产品质量安全示范区建设主要原则和做法,通过构建示范区建设七大体系,探索出口食品农产品源头监管新模式。     

旋LED照明应用

LED照明市场前景广大,在装饰照明、汽车照明、交通信号灯等方面都有巨大的潜力。作为一项全新的照明技术,LED因其节能、环保、寿命长、启动快等特点被普遍看好,并将逐步取代传统的照明。     

昆明市松华坝水源地水源涵养能力时空变化研究

水源涵养能力是水源地脆弱性诊断的重要指标之一。在对比直线分割、直线斜割和滤波3种基流分割方法的基础上,选取松华坝水源地径流区内4个水文站实测流量资料,用滤波法分割基流,并计算基流量和基流指数。结果显示,左支流冷水河上、下游平均基流指数分别为0.589、0.485,右支流牧羊河上、下游平均基流指数分别为0.528、0.484。此外,1954-1992年冷水河下游地区基流量呈显著减小的趋势,其余区域基流量减小的趋势不显著。水源涵养能力空间上表现为,冷水河流域的水源涵养能力较牧羊河流域强,两流域上游的水源涵养能力均较下游强。     

农村分散式污水处理的适宜技术

在比较国内外现有的分散式处理技术的优缺点的基础上,结合现阶段我国农村水污染现状和水污染特征,分析了如何因地制宜地选择适宜技术,重点分析了农村分散式污水处理源头分离技术的优点及必要性,同时介绍了蚯蚓生态滤池、人工湿地、地下渗滤系统和滴滤池及一体化处理设备等分散污水处理技术的适用特点,为今后在我国农村推广稳定高效的分散式污水处理设施提供必要的技术参考。     

亚洲粉尘释放的研究进展

我国北方沙漠、黄土高原、青藏高原是亚州粉尘释放的关键区域。进一步的元素示踪研究表明,我国西部和北部沙漠是亚洲粉尘和黄土高原黄土的主要源区;太平洋地区和格陵兰地区粉尘的源区为东亚地区。近地面风和高空西风带是亚洲粉尘传输的主要途径。北太平洋粉尘沉积和格陵兰冰芯粉尘记录对比表明,亚洲粉尘的产生、搬运和沉积在这些记录中既表现出一致性,也存在某些差异,显示了搬运过程、沉积过程以及区域性因素对粉尘记录的影响。     

Grain weight response to foliar diseases control in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Foliar diseases are the main biotic restriction reducing yield in wheat crops affecting both, grain number and/or grain weight, depending on developmental stage at which infection occurs (pre- or post-anthesis, respectively). Grain weight reductions due to foliar diseases were widely reported in the literature mostly associated with decreases on radiation interception during the grain filling period. However, different evidences in wheat showed variations on grain weight responses when fungicide was applied during the grain filling period, probably associated with the timing of fungicide application or with the amount of available resources per grain set when fungicides are applied. The present study was designed to determine the causes of grain weight reduction due to foliar diseases complex (including leaf rust, Septoria leaf blotch and tan spot) in wheat crops growing under contrasting agronomic and environmental conditions (i.e. different years, locations, cultivars and N supply). The experiments were carried out during 4 years under field conditions in different locations of Argentine and France. Five different commercial wheat cultivars were sown on early and late sowing dates; and two contrasting N availability and two fungicide treatments (protected and unprotected) were applied. Grain number was not affected by foliar diseases as their appeared after anthesis. Grain weight was strongly, poorly or not affected by foliar diseases and was not associated individually with both, the sink size and the source size. However, when the grain weight response due to fungicide application was plotted against the healthy area absorption per grain (HAA_G), a significant negative association (r² = 0.81; p < 0.0001) was found for the Argentine experiments. When the HAA_G was corrected by the grain weight potential (HAA_GW) all experiments conduced in Argentine and in France fit well to a common negative linear regression (r² = 0.74, p < 0.0001) for the relationship between grain weight variation and HAA_GW demonstrating that grain weight potential is an important feature to consider in diseases control programs. Foliar diseases forced the crop to use the accumulated reserved increasing the utilization rate of the water soluble carbohydrates (WSC_UR), depleting as a consequence the water soluble content at physiological maturity (WSC_PM) in all experiments. The association between WSC_UR and the healthy area absorption per grain corrected by grain weight of healthy crops (HAA_GW) suggest that foliar diseases in wheat cause source limitation, forcing to the crop to use the WSC reserve which could be insufficient to fill the grains previously formed.