碳黑分析方法的研究进展

系统介绍了在碳黑分析中被广泛采用的多种技术方法：热分析方法、化学分析方法、显微镜法、热-光学分析方法、光学分析方法、热-化学分析方法（CTO）、碳同位素方法以及其他分析方法,并对其在今后的碳黑研究领域中的应用进行了展望。     

景观生态格局分析在风景园林规划中的应用

景观生态格局模式强调景观空间格局对过程的控制和影响,并通过格局的改变来维持景观功能流的健康与安全。景观生态格局的研究方法有静态分析法和动态分析法。利用生态安全格局方法去建立整体性的生态基础设施是城市生态环境规划的基础,它为建设生态城市提供了理论基础和实践方法,可应用于分析城市的景观生态基本特征、城市的景观安全格局现状,规划城市景观生态格局。该研究以西安市为例,采用景观格局指数静态分析法分析了西安的生态环境及景观生态格局构成,归纳出西安市生态基质、廊道和斑块的分布及其特点,并就其中存在的基质形态破碎化、廊道人工化、建成区内斑块分散化问题进行了总结,以期为今后的西安市生态格局研究和完善提供理论基础。     

紫斑牡丹种子发育期油脂合成积累的源汇基因协同表达

为研究紫斑牡丹种子油脂合成积累与相关基因(GPD1, DGAT1和DGAT2)表达间的关系,以四个不同发育期(6月20日, 7月7日, 7月17日和7月27日)的种子为材料,氯仿甲醇法测定种子含油率,实时荧光定量PCR方法分析基因的表达模式,分析相关基因在不同发育期种子中的表达差异及其对油脂合成积累的影响。结果表明:(1)不同发育期紫斑牡丹种子含油率呈不断升高趋势,在6月20日至7月27日的38 d内,从4.21%上升到18.38%;(2)调控油脂合成的源基因GPD1和汇基因DGAT1与DGAT2在发育前期的紫斑牡丹种子中的表达呈快速上升趋势,且表达量均在7月7日达到最高值;随后源汇基因的表达均不断降低。紫斑牡丹发育前期种子中源(GPD1)汇(DGAT1和DGAT2)基因的协同高表达,既促进合成了更多的TAG前体G3P,又促进了TAG积累。源基因GPD1表达量增加了2.44倍,汇基因DGAT1和DGAT2分别增加5.16倍和3.83倍,促成种子含油量增加了2.77倍。这可为深入理解紫斑牡丹种子油脂合成积累提供理论依据,对后续开展高油紫斑牡丹的分子育种具有重要意义。     

宁夏灌区春小麦源库演变规律的研究

为探讨宁夏灌区春小麦品种更替过程中源库的演替规律,以宁夏灌区四次更新的主栽春小麦品种和搭配品种及近年来的重要育成品种为对象,分析了源库指标及产量的变化。结果表明,随着品种的更替,宁夏灌区春小麦的源强从1953年以前的35.66 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1增加到了1995年以后的106.99 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,提高了3倍;库容由289.97 g·m^-2增加到554.18 g·m^-2,提高了1.91倍,经济系数从0.29增加到0.38。源库协同改良使得春小麦的产量逐年增加。生物产量的增加主要依赖于源指标的改善,而籽粒产量的增加需要改善源库综合指标。因此,实现宁夏灌区春小麦产量的突破,应在增库的基础上扩源,建立合理的群体,协调源库比,促进春小麦光合产物向库的运转。     

出口烟叶非烟杂物控制模式探究

非烟物质来源于大田、编烟、分级、收购等多个环节,对卷烟产品造成极大的质量及安全隐患.通过源头、生产和加工过程中非烟杂物的控制,提高原料利用率,确保原料质量安全.     

黄河源园区水生态功能一二级分区

生态功能分区是区域水生态系统区划及水环境规划管理的基础,也是生态文明建设背景下更为全面和系统性的分析和规划。出于三江源国家公园区域生态保护与分区管理,为探究地表水资源及生态系统的空间格局分异规律,以黄河源园区为研究对象,在综合分析其自然环境条件和水陆生态控制因子的基础上,结合园区内部各区域生态地理特征,基于GIS和RS平台,构建黄河源园区水生态功能分区评价指标体系。通过空间自相关距离确定降水、河网密度和地貌3个一级分区指标以及植被指数、植被生产力、土壤类型、土地利用类型4个二级分区指标;基于子流域完整性,运用数据叠加技术将黄河源园区分为5个一级水生态功能分区和19个二级水生态功能分区,运用相关性分析检验分区的合理性和准确性,并讨论了不同区域的生态系统特征和主要生态环境问题,阐述了水资源、植被资源的空间特征和分布规律。分区结果可为区域水陆环境的管理和保护利用提供科学依据与目标定位。     

Spatiotemporal changes in terrestrial water storage in the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Region from GRACE satellites

The Sandstorm Source Control Project in and around the Beijing-Tianjin region was one of the most important ecological projects in China. Terrestrial water storage (TWS) has important impacts on the ecological construction, agriculture, industry, and resident’s lives. Based on the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data, meteorological and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, etc., this paper analyzed spatiotemporal characteristics of TWS, groundwater storage, and precipitation, and explored the influencing factors of regional TWS combined with land use and land cover (LULC), social and economic data. The most important results were as follows: (1) From 2003 to 2016, TWS in the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Region showed a decreasing trend with a rate of 3.14 mm yr⁻¹. (2) The TWS decline was caused mainly by groundwater overexploitation, but not precipitation variation. (3) Spatiotemporal variations of TWS were related to LULC. The area with the most serious decrease of TWS was mainly located in the southwestern part of the region, where farmland percentage and population density were greater. (4) Reducing the percent of farmland and tree planting, and adding the shrub and grass planting, could be a viable choice for the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project. These results provide a scientific basis for regional water resource and ecological management.     

小麦白粉病菌越夏,越冬和春季菌源毒性结构比较

 分析了1992年和1993年不同时期采集的小麦白粉病菌越夏、越冬和春季菌源共238个菌株的生理小种、毒性基因结构和对9个推广品种的毒力频率。结果表明三种菌源在生理小种和毒性基因组成及出现频率是相似的,对9个推广品种的毒力频率均较高。这样在白粉病菌毒性和品种抗病性研究中,可以采集应用越夏和越冬菌株标样,避免了夏季高温季节保存菌株的工作;而且从毒性结构方面进一步证实白粉病菌主要以分生孢子在夏季侵染高海拔地区的自生麦苗而越夏,再逐渐扩展至秋播麦苗越冬后导致春季大田发病,病菌的子囊孢子在平原地区侵染循环上作用不大。     

青藏高原江河源区退化草地人工改良措施对高原鼠兔种群动态影响

通过对江河源区退化草地采取建植人工和半人工草地的措施进行改良,以影响害鼠(高原鼠兔)种群,达到防治鼠害的目的。     

Gene Expression of Enzymes for Starch and Sucrose Metabolism and Transport in Leaf Sheaths of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) during the Heading Period in Relation to the Sink to Source Transition

Abstract

Leaf sheaths of rice plants are known to temporarily accumulate starch prior to heading, which is subsequently remobilized and transported into the panicle after heading. We investigated the time course for both carbohydrate content and steady state mRNA levels of enzymes related to starch and sucrose metabolism in the rice leaf sheath (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare). Leaf sheaths from the second leaf below the flag leaf accumulated high levels of starch before heading but they rapidly decreased after heading. In contrast, the flag leaf sheath did not accumulate as much starch. In the second leaf sheath, the mRNA levels of enzymes involved in starch synthesis, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2. 7. 7. 27), soluble starch synthase (EC 2. 4. 1.21) and branching enzyme (EC 2. 4. 1. 18) were high before heading, which coincided with rapid accumulation of starch. The mRNA levels of sucrose synthesis enzymes, cytosolic FBPase (EC 3. 1. 3. 11) and sucrose phosphate synthase (EC 2. 4. 1. 14), and the sucrose transporter (OsSUTI) increased at the time of heading, which was largely coincident with a decrease in the mRNA levels of starch synthesis enzymes. In the flag leaf sheaths, changes in mRNA levels of starch synthesis enzymes were not pronounced, however mRNA levels of sucrose synthesis enzymes and the sucrose transporter showed a clear increase throughout the heading period. The different characteristics observed between the two leaf sheaths will be discussed in relation to the sink to source transition.