目标教学法在“无土栽培学”中的应用与探索

叙述了目标教学法在"无土栽培学"课程教学中的应用。以"番茄树"的培育为《无土栽培学》课程目标,组织课程教学体系,将课程内容系统组织起来;围绕章节教学目标,设置多种栏目,多风格实施教学活动;以项目设计为抓手,组织整个实践教学环节,培养学生动手能力与创新能力。     

猪舍废弃垫料对2种草坪草生长与耐旱性的影响

为开发利用猪舍废弃垫料使其成为无土草皮基质,试验以猪舍废弃垫料为原料,以体积比配制基质,设置6个处理:T1:90％纯沙+10％废弃垫料;T2:70％纯沙+30％废弃垫料;T3:50％纯沙+50％废弃垫料;T4:30％纯沙+70％废弃垫料;T5:10％纯沙+90％废弃垫料;T6:100％废弃垫料;以大田土壤为对照,以高羊茅(Festuca arundinace)和多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)为试验草种,研究废弃垫料对草坪草生长和抗旱性的影响.结果表明:添加废弃垫料的各基质,草坪草叶宽、叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白均明显高于对照;废弃垫料明显促进草坪草生长,其在基质中所占比例越高,草坪草生长态势越好;废弃垫料中含有的重金属并未对草坪草产生毒害.抗旱试验表明,废弃垫料较大田土壤具有较高的持水能力和营养元素含量,在同等干旱水平下能维持草坪草正常生理代谢,缓解干旱胁迫对草坪草的影响.     

非洲菊有机生态型无土栽培基质的筛选

 以非洲菊为试材, 炉渣、香菇渣、平菇渣、泥炭、锯末等为栽培基质材料, 消毒有机肥代替营养液, 进行有机生态型无土栽培试验。采用类旋转排列试验设计方法, 分析比较8 种基质配方与两种肥料配方组合对非洲菊生长及开花生理的影响, 并设土壤栽培对照区。结果表明, 非洲菊无土栽培基质以炉渣!香菇渣( 3! 1 ) + ( 5 kg 消毒鸡粪+ 1 kg 复合肥) / m³配方为最佳; 其次为炉渣!香菇渣!锯末!泥炭( 2!5!4!2 ) + ( 5 kg 消毒鸡粪+ 1 kg 复合肥) / m³。     

The influence of drip irrigation or subirrigation on tomato grown in closed-loop substrate culture with saline water

In closed-loop soilless culture, one of the most relevant problems may be the accumulation in the recirculating nutrient solution of ions contained in irrigation water that are not or scarcely absorbed by the plants (e.g. Na, Cl) In order to verify the possibility to reduce the rate of recirculating water salinisation by means of subirrigation, an experiment was carried out in the spring of 2002 and 2004, with tomato plants (cv. Jama) grown in glasshouse and watered by conventional drip irrigation (D) or by subirrigation (trough bench system; S). The plants were cultivated in pots filled with a peat-perlite substrate for approximately 3 months and fed with complete nutrient solution, which was prepared with fresh water containing 10 mol m⁻³ NaCl; the nutrient solution in the collecting tank was replaced when the value of electrical conductivity (EC) exceeded 6.0 dS m⁻¹. Water and nutrient crop use, salt accumulation in the substrate, and fruit yield were monitored. In S culture, the composition and EC of the recirculating nutrient solution changed slightly, while in D treatment there was a fast water salinisation that made it necessary to flushed out the nutrient solution in six different occasions, with consequent loss of water and fertilisers. In S culture, the upward water movement in the substrate, coupled with selective mineral uptake by the roots, caused salinity build-up in the upper region of the substrate, which was associated with Na⁺ accumulation. No significant influence of irrigation methods on fruit yield and quality was observed. These findings suggest that subirrigation can be a tool to reduce the water consumption and nutrient runoff in closed-loop substrate culture of tomato conducted with saline water.     

Effects of NaCl application to hydroponic nutrient solution on fruit characteristics of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

NaCl was applied to nutrient solution (5 dS m⁻¹ versus 1.4 dS m⁻¹ in the control) of hydroponically-grown tomato and its effects on taste grading and chemical composition of fruit were investigated. Taste panels indicated NaCl treatment increased sweetness, acidity, umami (i.e. the taste of deliciousness) and overall preference. Hexose concentration of the fruit grown on NaCl treated plants significantly increased; and at the same time, chloric ion, organic and amino acids in general had higher concentrations in NaCl treated plants than the control. Our results showed that (1) consumer grading of the tomato fruit was influenced not only by sugar content but also by the organic and amino acids; (2) increased concentration of soluble solids in the fruit of NaCl treated plants was not the result of simple overall condensation due to the reduction of water transport. The relation of diversified consumer preference, fruit chemical composition, and appropriate evaluation of tomato fruit are also discussed.     

蔬菜有机生态型无土栽培营养生理研究进展

介绍了在有机生态型无土栽培系统中,基质的供肥特性,基质中营养元素、pH和EC的动态变化,蔬菜作物对养分需求规律,蔬菜作物固态肥营养类型,蔬菜作物适宜需肥量,以及对环境、产品品质、食用安全性和产量的影响等方面的研究进展。     

The influence of irrigation system and nutrient solution concentration on potted geranium production under various conditions of radiation and temperature

Zonal geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum ‘Real Mintaka’) were grown in closed soilless systems to evaluate the effects of irrigation system (drip and subirrigation) and nutrient solution concentration (half and full) under various conditions of radiation and temperature (winter and summer) in terms of substrate electrical conductivity (EC_s), growth, quality, crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) and growth index water use efficiency (WUE_GI) and nutrient uptake. At he end of the cultural cycle the highest EC_s in the upper and lower layers were recorded in the spring season on plants grown in subirrigation using a full nutrient solution concentration. The highest shoot biomass, leaf area, plant growth index, and quality index were recorded in the winter season on plants grown in both drip-irrigation and subirrigation using half and full nutrient solution concentration, whereas the lowest value was observed in the spring season on plants grown with subirrigation using the full nutrient solution concentration. The highest maximum air temperature recorded during the first 20 days after transplanting in the spring growing season was presumably responsible for the reduction in shoot biomass production, growth and quality index, and in time of geranium flowering compared to the plants grown in the winter season. The ET_c was 44% higher in spring than in winter season treatment, while the effect of the irrigation system was less pronounced with an increase in 11% in the subirrigation treatment compared with the drip-irrigation system. WUE_GI was not stable and showed a seasonal variability. Solar radiaton (R_s), air temperature (T_a) and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) were greatly higher in the spring season, which influenced WUE_GI negatively. The WUE_GI improved especially when R_s, T_a and VPD were below 12 MJ m², 20 °C and 0.6 kPa, respectively. The highest N, and Mg uptake were recorded in the winter season, especially on plants grown with subirrigation at 2 dS m⁻¹. The highest P, K, and Ca uptake values were measured during winter season using subirrigation system, and on plants grown under full strength nutrient solution. The variation of the nitrate concentration and EC in the nutrient solution during the spring growing cycle was less pronounced in the subirrigation than with a drip-irrigation system which represents an important aspect for the simplification of the closed loop management of the nutrient solution.     

花卉无土栽培泥炭基质的替代研究

根据国内外花卉无土栽培中泥炭基质的替代需求,概述了泥炭基质替代研究的进展。并结合我国国情,详细介绍了近20a国内利用几种典型的有机废弃物(菇渣、园林绿化废弃物、城市污泥、秸秆、生物质炭)开发花卉固体基质的研究成果与发展前景,并进一步指出影响国内泥炭替代基质发展的主要原因,提出相应的发展对策。     

香蕉组培苗无土栽培基质配方的筛选研究

[目的]筛选香蕉组培苗无土栽培的基质。[方法]以巴西品种香蕉组培苗为试材,以变质岩发育的砖红壤为基质栽培的香蕉组培苗为对照,采用椰糠、锯末、珍珠岩、河砂配制成14种不同的基质,测定各基质中香蕉组培苗的生长指标。[结果]生长105 d后,不同基质中组培苗的叶片数均可达到5片以上。其中,菇渣∶珍珠岩∶河砂=1∶1∶1(D2)基质中组培苗的叶片数最多,平均为6.1片。基质D2中组培苗的假茎最粗,是CK的135%。不同基质中香蕉组培苗的假茎均高于CK。其中,D2基质中组培苗的假茎最高,为12.33 cm,较CK高3.31 cm。各基质中香蕉组培苗最新展开叶的宽度均极显著高于CK。[结论]香蕉组培苗无土栽培基质的最佳配方为菇渣∶珍珠岩∶河砂按1∶1∶1。     

万寿菊无土栽培基质初探

[目的]探讨不同栽培基质对万寿菊生长的影响,筛选出适合应用于生产的栽培基质。[方法]以园土为对照,用4种栽培基质A(草炭土+蛭石)、B(珍珠岩+蛭石)、C(草炭土+珍珠岩)、D(草炭土+蛭石+珍珠岩)进行万寿菊生长最佳基质的筛选试验,分析比较4种配方对万寿菊生长的影响。[结果]不同基质对万寿菊不同生长指标有不同的影响,万寿菊的株高增长量依次为D>C>A>CK>B,茎粗增长量依次为D>C>B>A>CK,现蕾数依次为A>C>CK>B>D,成花数依次为A>D>C>B>CK,成花率依次为D>A>C>B>CK,最大花径依次为D>C>A>B>CK。基质D的最高株高为35.60 cm,最大茎粗为1.20 cm,最大花径为9.59 cm,最高成花率为84.62%,地下部的最大鲜干重分别为47.22和9.84 g。[结论]基质D为万寿菊无土栽培的最佳基质。