东北三省土壤风蚀天数时空变化及分区评述

基于东北三省1981−2017年气候资料,明确不同区域不同耕作阶段（全年、休耕期和播前1个月）不同等级日最大风速发生的变化规律;结合考虑降水影响下的起动风速指标,解析不同区域各阶段风蚀发生天数的时空规律,为各区域提出相适应的土壤保护耕作措施提供科学依据。结果表明：东北三省全年0−3级、4−6级和7级及以上日最大风速年均出现频率分别为48.5%、50.4%和1.1%,研究期内,全年、休耕期和播前1个月0−3级日最大风速出现频率均呈增加趋势,而4级及以上风速出现频率呈减少趋势。研究区域全年风蚀发生天数比例为35.0%,而播前一个月发生风蚀天数占该时期总天数的比例高于全年均值,达57.0%。大部分地区各个时期风蚀发生天数呈减少趋势。辽河平原区和三江平原区休耕期和播前1个月风蚀发生天数均较多,应重视风蚀对土壤的影响。松嫩平原区虽然休耕期土壤风蚀发生频率较低,但播前1个月风蚀发生较多,该区域应倡导免耕技术以降低土壤风蚀。     

Rainfall erosivity and erosivity density through rainfall synthetic series for São Paulo State,Brazil: Assessment,regionalization and modeling

Rainfall is the main cause of erosion of Brazilian soils, which makes assessing the rainfall erosivity factor (RE) and the erosivity density (ED) fundamental for soil and water conservation. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: i) to estimate the RE and ED for São Paulo State, Brazil, using synthetic series of pluviographic data; ii) to define homogeneous regions regarding rainfall erosivity; and iii) to generate regression models for rainfall erosivity estimates in each of the homogeneous regions. Synthetic series of pluviographic data were initially obtained on a sub-daily scale from the daily rainfall records of 696 rainfall gauges. The RE values were then estimated from the synthetic rainfall data, and ED was calculated from the relationship between erosivity and rainfall amounts. Monthly and annual maps for RE and ED were obtained. Hierarchical clustering analysis was used to define homogeneous regions in terms of rainfall erosivity, and regionalized regression models for estimating RE were generated. The results demonstrate high spatial variability of RE in São Paulo, where the highest annual values were observed in the coastal region. December to March concentrate approximately 60% of the intra-annual erosivity. The highest values of annual ED were observed in regions with intense agricultural activity. The definition of five homogeneous regions concerning the rainfall erosive potential evidenced distinct seasonal patterns of the spatial distribution of erosivity. Finally, the high predictive accuracy of the regionalized models obtained characterizes them as essential tools for reliable estimates of rainfall erosivity, and contribute to better soil conservation planning.     

Conservation management decreases surface runoff and soil erosion

Conservation management practices – including agroforestry, cover cropping, no-till, reduced tillage, and residue return – have been applied for decades to control surface runoff and soil erosion, yet results have not been integrated and evaluated across cropping systems. In this study we collected data comparing agricultural production with and without conservation management strategies. We used a bootstrap resampling analysis to explore interactions between practice type, soil texture, surface runoff, and soil erosion. We then used a correlation analysis to relate changes in surface runoff and soil erosion to 13 other soil health and agronomic indicators, including soil organic carbon, soil aggregation, infiltration, porosity, subsurface leaching, and cash crop yield. Across all conservation management practices, surface runoff and erosion had respective mean decreases of 67% and 80% compared with controls. Use of cover cropping provided the largest decreases in erosion and surface runoff, thus emphasizing the importance of maintaining continuous vegetative cover on soils. Coarse- and medium-textured soils had greater decreases in both erosion and runoff than fine-textured soils. Changes in surface runoff and soil erosion under conservation management were highly correlated with soil organic carbon, aggregation, porosity, infiltration, leaching, and yield, showing that conservation practices help drive important interactions between these different facets of soil health. This study offers the first large-scale comparison of how different conservation agriculture practices reduce surface runoff and soil erosion, and at the same time provides new insight into how these interactions influence the improvement or loss of soil health.     

烤烟不同前作土壤酶活性的生育期变化分析及植烟后对其影响的研究

以水稻土及旱地红壤为供试土壤,采用盆栽试验,研究烤烟不同前作土壤酶活性的生育期变化及植烟后对其的影响。结果表明,2种前作土壤的3种酶活性在烟株生育期内变化不一,旱地土壤的过氧化氢酶从旺长期到采摘期总体呈下降的规律,而水稻土逐渐下降在采摘期又开始升高;2种前作土壤的的磷酸酶在生育期内都随着时间延长活性逐渐升高,旱地土壤的脲酶活性在各个时期内逐渐降低,水稻土的规律表现不明显。植烟后两种前作土壤的酶活性呈现出一定的规律,旱地红壤条件下过氧化氢酶及脲酶活性表现为先升高再降低的规律,酸性磷酸酶表现为逐渐升高的规律;水稻土条件下的过氧化氢酶表现为先升高再降低的规律,酸性磷酸酶表现为先降低再逐渐升高的规律,脲酶表现为先升高再降低再升高的规律;除了个别土壤酶在旺长期与对照差异不显著外,其他均与对照达到显著或极显著水平,说明烤烟生长对土壤酶活性的影响较大。     

Soil Salinization in Some Irrigated Areas of the Kingdom of Bahrain

Monitoring and assessment of agricultural land degradation is of vital importance for better land and water management planning and reclamation. It requires setting baseline information and basic analysis at specific time and space. About 33 geo-referenced soil sampling spots were selected in two agricultural production locations in the Kingdom of Bahrain to assess the status and preliminary causes of land degradation. Soil samples were taken from 13 sites in Diraz location while 19 samples were taken from Budayyi location. The samples were taken to 90 cm depth at 30 cm intervals. Standard procedures were followed to determine soil physiochemical properties. In addition, field observations on farm condition, distance from the sea, method of irrigation and irrigation water source were taken. Some of the soil samples were deliberately taken from outside the irrigated basins among trees compared with samples taken from inside the actively growing area for comparison. The results indicated that the salinity level was significantly （P 〈 0.001） higher at the 0-30 cm soil depth compared with 30-60 cm or 60-90 cm depths in both locations. The distance from the sea did not show clear correlation with surface soil salinity in Budayyi area compared with Diraz. Both locations showed significantly higher salinity levels on samples taken outside the actively growing areas compared with those taken from within. The effect is more prominent at the 0-30 cm depth. The observed variability on salinity levels may be attributed to farm management practices and deteriorating quality of ground water. Thus, agricultural land degradation in Bahrain cannot be attributed to ground water deterioration alone. The use of tertiary treated sewage water （TSE） may ease the pressure on ground water, but the pH of the TSE should be carefully monitored and managed with proper studies on leaching requirements to avoid further salinity complications.     

土壤压实度测量系统研究进展

随着农业机械功率的不断增加和机具下地次数的增多,土壤压实的问题愈加明显.为了定量获得土壤压实特性,研究人员开发了各种各样的土壤压实度测量系统.分析了土壤压实产生原因、危害,重点对国内外压实度测量系统的研究现状进行了综述,指出通过测试土壤阻力获得其三维的分布特性是土壤压实测量的发展趋势.     

呼和浩特市云杉土壤真菌种群分布

[目的]明确云杉土壤真菌的种群结构。[方法]利用选择性培养基,研究了云杉土壤真菌的数量分布和种群组成。[结果]云杉土壤真菌数量随生长季月份的变化趋势是7月〉6月〉8月〉5月〉9月〉10月〉4月,垂直变化趋势是随着土壤深度的增加,真菌数量呈递减趋势;云杉土壤中共分离到产孢真菌332株,分属于24属,优势菌属为腐霉属、毛霉属、青霉属、汉斯霉属。[结论]云杉土壤真菌种群分布具有多样性。     

不同灌溉处理寒地井灌稻田地温和产量构成要素研究

通过田同试验研究了浅水-间歇灌溉（SIT）、湿润-间歇灌溉（MIT）、淹灌（CSF）条件下寒地稻田的0～ 15 cm地温和水稻产量构成因素.结果表明,SrT、MIT田间建立浅水层或无水层,有利于0～ 15 cm的土壤温度的提升.由于Srr和MIT处理显著提高了每穴有效穗数,因而最终分别较CSF增产8.6％和11.9％,但SIT和MIT处理间差异不显著.     

厦门市红壤对氨氮的吸附研究

[目的]为了研究土壤对氨氮的吸附特性对含氨氮废水的处理提供参考。[方法]在其他条件固定的情况下,研究pH、粒径、盐度的变化对土壤吸附的影响。[结果]红壤对氨态氮具有显著的吸附作用,并且吸附速度很快,一般在30 min就可以基本达到平衡。粒度越小,pH越大,土壤对氨氮的吸附能力也越强。[结论]该研究对氨氮污水灌溉、氨氮在土壤和地下水中迁移转化的预测有重要意义。