Soil water response to precipitation in different microtopographies on the semi-arid Loess Plateau,China

Soil water is an important factor restricting afforestation on the semi-arid Loess Plateau.The microtopography of the loess slope has changed the distribution pattern of soil water on the slope.To improve water utilization efficiency and optimize afforestation configuration patterns,the relationship between soil water and precipitation at micro-topographic scale must be studied.We used time series analysis to study the temporal variation of soil water and its response to precipitation in four kinds of micro-topographies and undisturbed slope on loess slopes.Micro-topographies significantly influenced soil water distribution and dynamics on the slopes.Soil water stored in the platform,sinkhole,and ephemeral gully influenced subsequent soil water for 4 weeks,whereas soil water stored in the scarp and undisturbed slope could influence soil water for 2 weeks.It took 12 weeks,10 weeks,18 weeks,6 weeks,and 12 weeks for precipitation to reach the deeper soil layer in the platform,sinkhole,scarp,ephemeral gully,and undisturbed slope,respectively.These soil water characteristics in different micro-topographies are vital factors that should be taken into consideration when undertaking afforestation on the Loess Plateau.     

Urban land-use impacts on composition and spatiotemporal variations in abundance and biomass of earthworm community

Soil fauna can sensitively respond to alterations in soil environment induced by land-use changes.However,little is known about the impact of urban land-use changes on earthworm communities.In this study,three land-use types(i.e.,forest,nursery and abandoned lands)were chosen to identify differences in diversity,abundance and biomass of earthworm community in Kunming City.Urban land-use had a pronounced difference in species composition,evenness and diversity of earthworm communities.Forest land had the highest density,biomass and diversity of the earthworm communities.Total abundance was dominated by endogeic species in nursery land(70%)and abandoned land(80%),whereas in the forest land,the earthworm community comprised epigeic,endogeic and anecic species.Temporal changes in earthworm density and biomass were also significantly affected by land-use change.Total density and biomass of earthworms in the forest and nursery lands were highest in September,but highest in the abandoned land in October.The influence of soil physicochemical properties on the earthworm density and biomass also varied with land-use types.Soil temperature significantly affected earthworm density and biomass in the three land-use types.Soil pH was positively correlated with earthworm biomass in the forest land,but negatively associated with earthworm density in the abandoned land.Soil organic matter was positively correlated only with density and biomass of earthworms in the nursery and abandoned lands.Our results suggest that the species composition,abundance and biomass of earthworm communities can be determined by the modification of soil properties associated with urban land-use type.     

适宜茶园套种的绿肥型油菜资源筛选及初步应用

为推广生态茶园的油菜绿肥套种模式,于2017-2018年在茶园系统筛选和评价适宜套种的油菜资源。比较23个不同油菜品种（品系）的盛花期鲜草的生长与养分还田量,结果发现：茶园套种油菜的生物量、株高、养分还田量等指标表现存在差异;种植后根际土pH、有机质、碱解氮含量发生改变或提升。综合比较分现,品种阳光131、 圣光86和中双11表现相对较好：单株生物量达0.81～1.00 kg;植株养分还田量高,三者的氮磷钾养分还田量分别为 49.21～72.48 kg/hm2、12.64～17.40 kg/hm2和33.64～56.29 kg/hm2,可基本满足茶青的生长需求,且三个品种种植后土壤有效养分和有机质的改善较为明显。大地69和油肥1号株高相对较矮,适宜在低龄或矮枞茶园中套种。于2018-2019年探索油菜品种阳光131作为绿肥在不同树龄的茶园套种的应用,发现土壤的有机质含量显著改善,pH 值显著提升。综上,认为优选油菜品种应用于冬季茶/油菜（绿肥）套种模式     

土壤中铝与各类型表面的吸附及释放机理的研究进展

综述了土壤中铝与各类型表面的吸附反应、铝的吸附对土壤和粘土矿物化学和物理性质的影响、以及土壤中铝的释放过程和机理。     

基于地基激光雷达监测不同地表覆盖条件的土壤侵蚀试验研究

土壤侵蚀量是土壤退化风险评估的重要指标,地基激光雷达(TLS)为土壤侵蚀量动态监测提供新技术手段,但野外不同地表覆盖条件对监测精度的影响尚不明确。基于2019年11月和2021年7月在鹰潭红壤生态实验站获取的地表裸露、石块、稀疏象草、马尾松、马尾松+石块,马尾松+稀疏象草等不同地表覆盖条件的6个径流小区两期TLS数据,运用移动曲面拟合滤波和反距离加权插值方法估算土壤侵蚀量,结合实测侵蚀量数据评价TLS精度,并探讨不同地表覆盖条件下TLS的最小变化识别度(minLOD)。研究表明,TLS监测精度与土壤侵蚀量呈正相关关系,更适用于中等强度以上或长时间发生明显侵蚀的土壤侵蚀区监测。不同地表覆盖条件下minLOD为4～60 mm,TLS监测相对误差(RE)依次为：地表裸露(RE=–9.4%)<马尾松+石块(RE=12.6%)<石块(RE=15.5%)<稀疏象草(RE=–18.9%)<马尾松(RE=23.4%)<马尾松+稀疏象草(RE=–25.2%);地表覆盖条件不仅影响土壤侵蚀强度、地表粗糙度,也产生点云滤波及空间插值误差,进而影响TLS识别minLOD准确度和土...     

岷江上游杂谷脑河谷土壤发生特征与系统分类研究

为了解岷江上游杂谷脑河谷的土壤发生特征及类型归属,以位于四川阿坝藏族羌族自治州理县杂谷脑河谷的8个典型土壤剖面为研究对象,通过野外成土因素调查与土壤形态特征观测及室内土壤物理、化学性质分析,依据《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》(简称系统分类)与《中国土壤(1998)》(简称发生分类)鉴定其类型。研究表明,8个剖面均为温性土壤温度状况、半干润土壤水分状况;土壤色调为7.5YR和10YR,部分剖面表层明度和彩度均低于3.5,达到暗沃表层的颜色要求;土壤颗粒组成以粉粒含量最高、砂粒次之、黏粒最低,质地为壤土或粉质壤土;土壤结构主要为亚角块状,部分剖面表层为团粒结构;部分剖面中具有腐殖质、黏粒胶膜及假菌丝体等新生体,形成黏化层和钙积层;均具石灰性,主要为碱性到强碱性反应;有机碳含量范围1.64～61.45 g/kg,部分剖面含量自上而下逐渐降低,具有均腐质特性;游离铁含量为10.78～19.57 g/kg,个别剖面B层均在14 g/kg以上,具有铁质特性;有效磷含量为1.2～43.1 mg/kg,个别符合肥熟表层和磷质耕作淀积层的有效磷含量要求。供试土壤在中国土壤系统分类中归属于人为土、均腐...     

烟秆生物质炭与化肥配施对植烟土壤有机碳组分及微生物的影响

采用盆栽试验,设置空白对照(CK)、化肥(F)、烟秆生物质炭(B)、烟秆生物质炭配施化肥(BF)4个施肥水平,配施化肥参考烟草专用肥养分配比(N︰P2O5︰K2O=12︰7︰22)与烟秆生物质炭混合施用,探究烟秆生物质炭与化肥配施对植烟土壤有机碳组分及微生物的影响。结果表明：(1)与单施烟秆生物质炭相比,烟秆生物质炭与化肥配施土壤pH显著降低6.59%;土壤有机碳(SOC)和易氧化有机碳(EOC)含量显著增加,但土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量显著降低29.63%,土壤颗粒有机碳(POC)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)影响不显著;(2)与单施化肥相比,烟秆生物质炭与化肥配施使得土壤脱氢酶活性大幅提高近2倍;而与单施烟秆生物质炭相比,土壤蔗糖酶、脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性则显著降低;(3)烟秆生物质炭与化肥配施,能够提高土壤细菌群落丰富度及物种多样性;同时,与单施烟秆生物质炭相比,配施化肥使参与土壤有机质分解的土壤绿弯菌门相对丰度提高了16.79%,但土壤细菌α、β多样性显著降低;(4)RDA分析表明,土壤SOC、EOC、POC、MBC是影响土壤有机质分解和参与碳循环细菌分布的主要因素。综上所述,...     

柱头外露棉花药氨基酸变化与育性的关系

测定不同育性柱头外露棉花药氨基酸含量。结果表明:氨基酸总量随着育性的增强而增加;氨基酸组分中,酸性氨基酸和碱性氨基酸都低于对照,而中性氨基酸高于对照,且脯氨酸、精氨酸、谷氨酸和甘氨酸等4种氨基酸含量少于对照,而天冬氨酸和组氨酸2种氨基酸高于对照;此外,雄性不育柱头外露棉的酸性氨基酸、碱性氨基酸和中性氨基酸都低于对照;这一结果表明,选用柱头外露棉花药败育类型作杂交棉亲本材料,就可保证杂交率在95%以上。     

Effects of land management practices and land cover types on soil loss and crop productivity in Ethiopia: A review

Identifying land management practices (LMPs) that enhance on-site sediment management and crop productivity is crucial for the prevention, reduction, and restoration of land degradation and contributing to achieving land degradation neutrality (LDN). We reviewed studies in Ethiopia to assess the effects of LMPs on soil loss (84 studies) and crop productivity (34 studies) relative to control practice. Yield variability on conserved lands was assessed using 12,796 fixed plot data. Effects of LMP on soil loss were 0.5–55 t ha⁻¹y⁻¹ compared to control practices yielding 50 to 140 t ha⁻¹y⁻¹. More than 55% of soil loss records revealed soil loss less than the tolerable rate (10 t ha⁻¹). Area closure, perennial vegetation cover, agronomic practices, mechanical erosion control practices, annual cropland cover, and drainage groups of practices led to 74.0 ± 18.3%, 69.0 ± 24.6%, 66.2 ± 30.5%, 66.1 ± 18.0%, 63.5 ± 20.0%, and 40 ± 11,1% soil loss reduction, respectively. A yield increase of 25.2 ± 15.0%, 37.5 ± 28.0%, and 75.4 ± 85.0% was found from drainage, agronomy, and mechanical erosion control practices, respectively. The average yield loss by erosion on fields without appropriate land management practice and on conserved fields was 26.5 ± 26.0% and 25 ± 3.7%, respectively. The findings suggest that practices that entail a continuous presence of soil cover during the rainy season, perennial vegetation, retention of moisture, and barriers for sediment transport were most effective at decreasing soil loss and increasing productivity. This review provides evidence to identify the best LMP practices for wider adoption and inform decision-making on LMP investments towards achieving sustainable solutions to reverse land degradation.     

黄土高原果园不同覆盖模式对土壤酶活性的影响

为探究土壤绝对酶活性和相对酶活性在果园不同覆盖模式下的变化特征及相关影响因素,为果园土壤质量评价提供理论依据,本试验以传统清耕(Conventional tillage, CT)为对照,研究秸秆(Corn stalk, CS)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne L. Ryrgrass, RE)和白三叶(Trifolium repens L. White clover, WC)处理下α-葡萄糖苷酶(α-glucosidase, AG)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidase, BG)、β-木糖苷酶(β-xylosidase, BXYL)、纤维二糖苷酶(Cellobiosidase, CBH)、乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(Acetylglucosaminidase, NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(L-leucine aminopeptidase, LAP)和碱性磷酸酶(Alkaline phosphatase, ALP)变化特征及影响因素。结果表明,覆盖措施不同程度提高了0～40 cm各土层土壤绝对酶活性。AG,BG,BXYL,CBH,NAG和ALP活性表现为CS>RE>WC>...