青海高原牧区雪灾逐级判识模型

降水、气温、风速是形成积雪的气象因子,由于承灾体（畜牧业生产）的脆弱性,积雪在一定程度上对畜牧业产生不利影响,但是某地区的自然、社会条件和人为活动作为孕灾环境能使这种不利影响加强或者发生转变,减轻或者加剧雪灾造成的损失.本文应用灾害学的理论和观点,对灾害形成的致灾因子、孕灾环境和承灾体等要素分层分析,明确各影响因子的作用及其相互关系.由此建立从降水、积雪、成灾到灾情评价的逐级判识模型,在地理信息背景数据库的支持下,从产生降水之后进行动态监测,并对不同地区的雪灾发展趋势做动态预测,最后实施灾情评估.经实际检验,该模型具有业务应用潜力.     

Soil freeze-thaw cycle experiments: Trends, methodological weaknesses and suggested improvements

Although freeze-thaw cycles can alter soil physical properties and microbial activity, their overall impact on soil functioning remains unclear. This review addresses the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on soil physical properties, microorganisms, carbon and nutrient dynamics, trace gas losses and higher organisms associated with soil. I discuss how the controlled manipulation of freeze-thaw cycles has varied widely among studies and propose that, despite their value in demonstrating the mechanisms of freeze-thaw action in soils, many studies of soil freeze-thaw cycles have used cycle amplitudes, freezing rates and minimum temperatures that are not relevant to temperature changes across much of the soil profile in situ. The lack of coordination between the timing of soil collection and the season for which freeze-thaw cycles are being simulated is also discussed. Suggested improvements to future studies of soil freeze-thaw cycles include the maintenance of realistic temperature fluctuations across the soil profile, soil collection in the appropriate season and the inclusion of relevant surface factors such as plant litter in the fall or excess water in the spring. The implications of climate change for soil freeze-thaw cycles are addressed, along with the need to directly assess how changes in soil freeze-thaw cycle dynamics alter primary production.     

Increasing the appropriate seedling density for higher yield in dry direct-seeded rice sown by a multifunctional seeder after wheat-straw return

Dry direct-seeded rice(DDR) sown using a multifunctional seeder that performs synchronous rotary tillage and sowing has received increased attention because it is highly efficient, relatively cheap, and environmentally friendly. However,this method of rice production may produce lower yields in a rice–wheat rotation system because of its poor seedling establishment. To address this problem, we performed field experiments to determine the rice yield at five seedling density levels(B1, B2, B3, B4,...     

China's alfalfa market and imports: Development,trends, and potential impacts of the U.S.–China trade dispute and retaliations

This study examines the development and trends of China's alfalfa market and imports, identifies key factors for the rapid increase in China's alfalfa imports, and discusses potential impacts of the U.S.–China trade dispute and retaliations on the alfalfa markets and trade in both nations. China's rapid transition toward larger-scale commercial dairy production, with enhanced feed and cost management as well as quality and safety control, and its limited resources for high-quality alfalfa production are key factors for the dramatic increase in its alfalfa imports, from 19 601 metric tons in 2008 to 1.38 million metric tons (mmt) in 2018. While the United States dominated China's alfalfa imports with an average share of 97.01% from 2007 to 2017, the share dropped to 83.76% in 2018 and 63.28% in January 2019 due to the trade dispute and retaliations started in 2018. China will likely remain a large importer of alfalfa because of both its growing demand and the comparative advantages of imported alfalfa in quality and price, but the imports from the United States will be highly affected by the ongoing trade dispute and negotiations. China is also expected to make more efforts to reduce its dependence on U.S. alfalfa through increased investment in domestic alfalfa production and identification of alternative sources of alfalfa and other hay imports.     

Genetic bases of source-,sink-,and yield-related traits revealed by genome-wide association study in Xian rice

The source-sink relationship determines the ultimate grain yield.We investigated the genetic basis of the relationship between source and sink and yield potential in rice.In two environments,we identified quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with sink capacity(total spikelet number per panicle and thousand-grain weight),source leaf(flag leaf length,flag leaf width and flag leaf area),source-sink relationship(total spikelet number to flag leaf area ratio)and yield-related traits(filled grain number per panicle,panicle number per plant,grain yield per plant,biomass per plant,and harvest index)by genome-wide association analysis using 272 Xian(indica)accessions.The panel showed substantial variation for all traits in the two environments and revealed complex phenotypic correlations.A total of 70 QTL influencing the 11 traits were identified using 469,377 high-quality SNP markers.Five QTL were detected consistently in four chromosomal regions in both environments.Five QTL clusters simultaneously affected source,sink,source–sink relationship,and grain yield traits,probably explaining the genetic basis of significant correlations of grain yield with source and sink traits.We selected 24 candidate genes in the four consistent QTL regions by identifying linkage disequilibrium(LD)blocks associated with significant SNPs and performing haplotype analysis.The genes included one cloned gene(NOG1)and three newly identified QTL(qHI6,qTGW7,and qFLA8).These results provide a theoretical basis for high-yield rice breeding by increasing and balancing source–sink relationships using marker-assisted selection.     

雪盖与径流的相关性分析——以玛纳斯河为例

选用2000年11月～2009年4月玛纳斯河上游流域所涉及的MOD10A2数据作为遥感数据源和同一时期的玛纳斯河径流数据,研究了雪盖与径流相关性。结果表明,3月的积雪覆盖率与当年4月径流相关系数为-0.817 5,并通过了显著水平0.005的检验;冬春季里最大月份的积雪覆盖率与次年6月径流的相关系数为-0.649 6,并通过了显著水平0.05的检验;12月份的平均积雪覆盖率与次年5月份径流的相关系数约为0.577 5,并通过了显著水平0.1的检验。     

融雪时间对川贝母个体特征和物候阶段的影响

[目的]探讨融雪时间对川贝母生长和物候的影响。[方法]在青藏高原东部的一个高山雪床,在积雪早融部位与积雪晚融部位之间进行川贝母移植试验,观察川贝母的个体特征和物候的变化。[结果]川贝母的株高、单叶面积和地上生物量在早融与晚融部位之间有显著的差异,且晚融部位的值要大于早融部位的值;融雪时间对川贝母早期和中期物候阶段（如开始生长期、始花期）有影响,而对后期特别是晚期的物候阶段（如植株枯黄期）影响很小。[结论]积雪晚融的环境更有利于川贝母的生长,在人工种植中应遵循这一规律。     

季节性雪被对高寒草甸土壤微生物量碳、氮动态的影响

[目的]探索季节性雪被对高寒草甸土壤微生物量碳、氮动态的影响。[方法]根据自然雪被分布的差异,在青藏高原东南缘的高寒草甸生态系统中设置3条雪梯度样带（深雪、中雪和浅雪）,于2008年秋冬过渡期监测各样带中土壤温度和含水量,并研究不同雪梯度下土壤微生物量碳、氮的动态变化。[结果]月均土温、每月日最高土温均值、每月日最低土温均值都分别与雪厚度呈显著二次函数关系。雪厚度和土壤温差对土壤含水量具有显著影响。在秋冬过渡期末,深雪梯度中土壤微生物量碳先显著升高又显著降低;浅雪梯度中,土壤微生物量氮在稳定的浅雪被（约10cm）形成后显著增加。雪被下土壤微生物量碳、氮含量都分别与土壤温度呈显著的三次函数关系。[结论]季节性雪被对土壤温度和土壤含水量有显著影响,也引起高寒草甸土壤微生物量碳、氮动态的明显差异。     

毛竹林冰雪危害调查及灾后重建技术组装

以靖安县毛竹林为调查研究对象,调查冰雪危害毛竹林的规律,了解毛竹林分防御雪灾的能力,制定毛竹林损伤类型划分,组装毛竹林灾后重建技术.     

Failure criterion for timber beams loaded in bending,compression and shear

Abstract

Based on the elastic–plastic strength calculation, necessary for precise data explanation, a derivation is given of the failure criterion for combined bending, compression and shear. This exact limit state criterion should replace the unacceptable unsafe criteria of Eurocode 5 (EN 1995-1-1:2004). It is shown that the principle used thus far, of limited “flow” in axial compression as a determining failure criterion, for example, predicting no influence of a size effect, does not hold. Instead, it is derived and confirmed by the data that bending tension failure is always determining, showing the existence of a size effect, and correction of the existing calculation method is therefore necessary. Because of the primary importance of the size effect for the strengths, also for combined bending–compression, a simple derivation of the size effect design equations is given and discussed in an appendix.