利用RIL群体创造抗黄曲霉兼抗青枯病的高油花生新种质

协同提高抗青枯病花生品种的黄曲霉抗性及含油量是我国花生育种的重要目标之一。利用远杂9102×中花5号杂交后代衍生的重组近交系群体(RIL),通过黄曲霉抗性、青枯病抗性鉴定及含油量测试,表明黄曲霉抗性受2对连锁并具累加作用主基因+加性多基因控制,含油量受2对具抑制作用主基因+加性多基因控制,RIL群体的黄曲霉抗性和含油量变异远远超过双亲的差异,表明它们均具有通过互补产生超亲性状的潜力。获得了抗黄曲霉或抗青枯病的高油后代家系18份,其中抗黄曲霉兼抗青枯病高油新种质1份(J091)。农艺性状和SSR分析结果表明,18份后代材料具丰富的遗传多样性,农艺性状优良,具有重要育种价值。     

Identification and Inheritance of Fertility Restorer Genes for 'tour' CMS in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Eighteen genotypes of Brassica napus were crossed to a cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line of B. napus BO 15 carrying B. tournefortii cytoplasm (‘tour’ cytoplasm). Fourteen genotypes were found to be stable maintainers of the ‘tour’ CMS. Of the remaining four genotypes, GSL-1 and ‘Asahi-natane’ were found to be heterozygous and ‘Mangun’ and ‘Yudal’ were homozygous for the restorer gene. Analysis of the F₁ and F₂ progenies of (CMS) BO 15 בMangun’ and (CMS) BO 15 בYudal’ showed that fertility restoration is controlled by a single dominant gene. The availability of a number of stable maintainer lines and the simple inheritance pattern of fertility restorer gene makes ‘tour’ CMS a useful system for hybrid seed production in rapeseed.     

Fine mapping of the genetic locus L1 conferring black pods using a chromosome segment substitution line population of soybean

The colour of plant organs is a useful trait in crop breeding. The pod colours of soybeans primarily include black, brown and tan types, which are controlled by two classical genetic loci, L1 and L2. Most wild soybeans have black pods, which reflect a possible role in adaptation to the natural environment. Here, an improved chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL) population SojaCSSLP3 was established to identify the L1 gene. The segment on the 19th chromosome represented by the SSR marker Satt313 was found to link with locus L1. The region was further delimited three times with increased SSR and InDel markers using a population derived from a heterozygous plant of CSSL124 from SojaCSSLP3. The L1 gene was finally located in a 184.43‐kb region between SSR_19p09 and Indel_19P7. Thirteen putative genes in this region were analysed with qRT‐PCR. The expression level of Glyma19 g27460, which is a member of the SANT superfamily with a MYB DNA‐binding domain, was significantly upregulated in black pods and was recognized to be the most likely candidate for the L1 gene.     

水稻高世代回交导入系耐盐性的遗传研究

水稻是一种对盐敏感的作物，盐分是限制水稻产量的主要因子之一。本研究利用广泛推广种植的杂交籼稻的亲本珍汕97（ZS97）和测序粳稻品种日本晴（Nipponbare）杂交、回交构建的导入系，对水稻的耐盐性进行遗传研究。用88份导入系作苗期盐胁迫（0．3％氯化钠）处理试验，发现6份导入系的耐盐性同受体亲本ZS97有显著差异，其中5份导入系耐盐，1份对盐敏感。图示基因型分析表明5份导入系中含有少数外源导入片段及耐盐相关的基因。     

苹果属小金海棠MxIrt1基因特异性片段的原核表达及多克隆抗体的制备

 MxIrt1是从苹果属植物小金海棠中克隆出的二价阳离子转运膜蛋白基因。为进一步研究该基 因的功能, 利用MxIrt1基因位于第3和第4跨膜区之间的162 bp片段, 构建了原核表达载体pGEX-MxIrt1,经原核表达、亲和层析、获得GST2MxIRT1融合蛋白, 以融合蛋白为抗原, 制备多克隆抗体, ELISA方法检测抗体效价阳性, 蛋白质印迹检测植物体内总蛋白, 获得与预期大小一致的特异性条带。上述结果表明,表达的目的蛋白可用于免疫组织化学、蛋白质印迹检测。     

单粒稻米直链淀粉含量测定方法研究

单粒精米不经磨粉，直接用冷碱液在３０℃下糊化，继而煮沸测定直链淀粉含量，测得的直链淀粉含量经ｔ测验。与中华人民共和国农业部部颁标准ＮＹ１４７－８８的结果差异不显著，本法可应用于水稻直链淀粉含量的遗传分析与杂交稻米食用品质性状研究，为常规育种的后代筛选和杂交水稻的组合选配提供有效手段。     

甘蓝型油菜DH系在不同生态区SPAD值的差异分析

以甘蓝型油菜纯合双单倍体(DH)为材料,研究不同生态环境下油菜叶绿素SPAD值的变化状况,揭示叶绿素含量遗传表现规律,创制更高叶绿素含量种质资源,以期为油菜高光效育种奠定方法和理论基础。选取了170份甘蓝型油菜DH系,连续3年分别种植在冬油菜区(陕西大荔)和春油菜区(甘肃张掖)。结果表明:无论是不同遗传背景的DH系、还是同一亲本下的不同DH系材料,油菜DH系叶绿素含量在田间既表现出遗传稳定性,又容易受到外界环境影响,即在相似的生态条件下,同一区域即便不同年份的各DH系材料,叶绿素SPAD值的表现基本一致,但在不同生态区,油菜DH系的SPAD值差异很大。通过对油菜DH系亲本和DH系叶绿素SPAD值频数分布分析,叶绿素含量连续3年在2个生态环境具有广泛的连续分布,并且服从正态或者近似于正态分布,以及超亲分离的特点。这些都表明油菜叶绿素含量是一个典型的数量性状,受到多对基因的控制。     

黑米稻三系配套选育初报

采用人工制保、制恢的方法 ,育成了黑米稻不育系 2个 (“大黑A”和“血黑A”)和恢复系 3个 (“黑恢 1号”、“黑恢 2号”和“黑恢 3号”) ,于 1 997年成功地实现了黑米稻三系配套[1] ,与此同时进行了黑米稻不育系、恢复系与白米稻不育系、恢复系的配组试验。试验结果表明 :黑米杂交稻优势强、经济性状互补明显 ,较好地克服了传统黑米稻品种产量低、抗性和株叶形态差的缺点 ,而且黑米稻不育系、恢复系与相应的白米稻恢复系、不育系配组 ,其F1代大多数仍为黑米     

Detection of additive and additive×environment interaction effects of QTLs for yield‐component traits of rice using single‐segment substitution lines (SSSLs)

Additive effects (A) and additive‐by‐environment interactions (A×E) for five rice yield components were analysed using 20 SSSLs under mixed linear model methodology. Thirty‐one QTLs were detected. Different yield components have different QTL‐by‐environment (Q×E) interaction patterns. No A×E interaction effects were detected for the four QTLs for panicle number (PN). Four QTLs detected for spikelets per panicle (SPP) had A×E interactions. Five of seven QTLs detected for grains per panicle (GPP), two of 10 QTLs detected for 1000‐grains weight (GWT) and three of six QTLs detected for seed set ratio (SSR) showed significant A×E interaction. Most of these QTLs were distributed in clusters across the genome. The complexity of linkage and pleiotropy of these QTLs plus environmental effect may result in the diversity of the yield phenotype in the SSSLs. Only S19 exhibited a significant increase in yield with a predicted gain by 281.58 kg ha^?1. The results may be useful to design a better breeding strategy that takes advantage of QTL‐by‐environment interaction effects in each of the SSSLs.     

北方早熟春玉米种质创新及利用研究

玉米种质资源匮乏、遗传基础狭窄是制约玉米育种研究和生产水平提高的主要限制因素,开展玉米种质创新和利用研究是玉米育种研究的首要任务。简要阐述了北方早熟春玉米种质创新和利用研究的途径、方法及玉米窄基因群体的改良、引入玉米综合群体的改良、热带亚热带种质与温带种质互导、抗病玉米自交系选育等种质创新研究进展。