短穗竹出笋和幼竹高生长规律研究

[目的]研究短穗竹的出笋规律,为短穗竹的科学栽培、快速繁殖和保护提供理论依据。[方法]以2 d为1个笋期观察单元,对短穗竹出笋、成竹、退笋、基径、笋高等生物学特征进行调查,并对短穗竹幼笋高生长进行Logistic非线性回归拟合。[结果]短穗竹出笋历时24 d,以出笋比率P=10%为界限,将笋期划分为初期、盛期和末期。初期和盛期出笋数增加较快,历时较短,末期出笋数下降缓慢,持续时间较长。短穗竹盛期退笋最多,退笋原因主要是干枯和虫害。其幼竹高生长符合"慢—快—慢"的生长趋势,与Logistic的生长曲线模型高度拟合,拟合度为0.999。[结论]通过对短穗竹出笋和幼竹高生长阶段的调查,研究了短穗竹笋期的生长发育规律,为短穗竹的科学繁殖和合理经营提供了一定依据。     

黄秆乌哺鸡竹出笋退笋规律研究

[目的]研究黄秆乌哺鸡竹移植苗不同出笋期的出笋退笋规律。[方法]以黄秆乌哺鸡竹成竹为试验材料,通过追踪调查黄秆乌哺鸡竹的出笋退笋过程分析其出笋各期的出笋退笋规律。[结果]出笋时间始于5月8日,结束于6月12日,以10%的出笋率为标准,将黄秆乌哺鸡竹的出笋期划分为3个阶段。5月8～22日为出笋初期,持续时间为14 d,出笋率占14.3%;5月23日～6月3日为出笋盛期,持续时间12 d,出笋率占73.5%;从6月4～12日为出笋末期,持续时间9 d,出笋率占12.2%。出笋盛期的退笋数量最多,占退笋总数的66.93%。退笋率于6月9日达到最高值(80.0%)。黄秆乌哺鸡竹退笋高度与出笋天数之间呈极显著正相关。[结论]该研究为黄秆乌哺鸡竹的合理经营提供了依据。     

“冬芽定量”对“金魁”猕猴桃生产影响研究

冬芽管理是猕猴桃树体管理的重要技术环节。适宜的高质量冬芽保留,可较准确预测果实数量,提高果实大小一致性。本研究在江西省猕猴桃主栽区奉新县的赤岸镇山口果园,以10年生“金魁”猕猴桃为研究对象,研究冬芽保留数量对果实生产的影响。试验设置4个处理,每个处理以贝为单位（bay, 四根水泥柱围成的面积,18 m2）,每处理冬芽保留量处理1约为400个、处理2约为450个、处理3约为500个、处理4约为550个,每处理3次重复。结果表明：1）4个处理的冬芽保留量不影响新梢萌发量;2）处理1成花量显著大于其他处理;处理1和2,花芽/冬芽显著大于处理3和4;3）单位新梢上成花量,处理2显著大于其他3个处理;4）4个处理中,挂果量和产量没有显著差异,冬芽保留处理1的果实更大,更均匀,小果和超大果比例更小,即单位面积能生产出更多符合市场需求的优质商品果。综合分析,在试验区立地条件和现有管理水平下,冬芽保留量在约450个,有利于提高猕猴桃种植者的经济效益。     

版纳甜龙竹发笋及幼竹高生长规律

本研究通过观测和统计学分析软件探讨版纳甜龙竹（Dendrocalamus hamiltonii）的发笋规律与幼竹生长节律。研究结果表明,版纳甜龙竹从7月上旬开始发笋,10月上旬结束,笋期长达100d左右,期间可将版纳甜龙竹出笋过程定量地划分为3个时期：初期（7月27日以前）、盛期（7月28日至9月15日）和末期（9月16日以后）。出笋盛期笋体较大,个体平均重量1.40kg,笋产量最大,达8208kg/hm2,占总笋产量的66.75%。幼竹高生长历时105d,生长节律遵循＂慢-快-慢＂的趋势;盛期高生长量占全总量的60.4%。版纳甜龙竹在一天之内有2个生长高峰,分别是4：00～8：00时和18：00～22：00时两个时间段;而在14：00～16：00时为高生长的低谷,夜间生长比较均匀。同时,昼夜生长差异较大,夜间总生长量是昼总生长量的1.817倍。本研究初步掌握了版纳甜龙竹的发笋及幼竹高生长的基本规律,为版纳甜龙竹笋用林丰产栽培提供了一定的理论依据。     

Lead tolerance in Aporrectodea rosea earthworms from a clay pigeon shooting site

Lead tolerance in individuals of the earthworm species Aporrectodea rosea collected from a clay pigeon shooting site was investigated. Lead concentrations in the shooting site soil and the un-shot control site were 6410±2250 and 296±98 mg_Pb kg⁻¹ dry weight, respectively. Of these concentrations 1050±240 and 12±9 mg_Pb kg⁻¹ dry weight were suggested to be available, using ammonium acetate (1 M), respectively. With respect to earthworm body burdens of lead the shooting site earthworms had a body burden of 6.1±1.2 mg_Pb g⁻¹ dry weight while the uncontaminated site earthworms had almost a 1000-times lower body burden of 7.1±9.0 μg_Pb g⁻¹ dry weight. Lead tolerance was assessed in uncontaminated soil that had been augmented with lead, using lead nitrate solutions, to obtain lead concentrations in soil of 0.5, 5 and 50 mg_Pb kg⁻¹ dry weight. Earthworms were exposed for 28 days during which time a semi-qualitative assessment was made of their condition. Results showed no decrease in condition in the shooting site earthworms with increasing exposure time or concentration. In contrast, earthworms collected from an uncontaminated site showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in condition when exposed to lead concentrations above, and including, a concentration of 5 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight soil. These results suggested lead tolerance in the shooting site earthworms.     

大麦在分组浸麦过程中吸水速率与发芽动态的研究

用来酿造啤酒的麦芽在制麦过程中，将其分选为大粒级、中粒级和小粒级三组，孔径分别为３．０ｍｍ，３．５ｍｍ，２．０ｍｍ。不同的原麦粒长，在浸的过程中，不但吸水速率不同，根据芽萌动状也有很大差异。     

植物生长调节剂对油茶容器苗生长发育的影响研究

为了探讨不同植物生长调节剂对油茶嫁接容器苗生长发育的影响,找出对油茶幼苗生长发育具有较好效果的植物生长调节剂。采用920赤霉素、复硝酚钾、绿多收、催芽先锋4种植物生长调节剂在油茶容器苗生长期进行试验。结果表明:①抽梢率:920赤霉素对油茶幼苗有抑制作用,复硝酚钾、绿多收、催芽先锋有促进作用;②抽梢长度:以绿多收效果最好,梢长均值为5.42cm,个体最大抽梢长度为12.80cm。总体来说,在选择以上植物生长调节剂中,绿多收对油茶幼苗生长具有良好的促进作用。     

Effects of temporal and spatial hunting control in waterbird reserves

Experiments were conducted in two Danish coastal wetland areas to assess the applicability of regulating wildfowling in marsh areas by restricting shooting to a period of the day as an alternative to apply spatial regulation. Teal (Anas crecca) showed a 2-97-fold increase when shore-based shooting was totally banned, compared with years when shore-based shooting was unregulated or diurnally regulated. The same result was found for common snipe (Gallinago gallinago) at its one studied area (15-39-fold increase). Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna), teal and mallard (A. platyrhynchos) spent more time in the zones nearest to the shoreline when shore-based shooting was totally banned than when evening shooting was permitted. It is concluded (1) that disturbance levels were not sufficiently reduced by temporal regulation to prevent teal and snipe from abandoning otherwise attractive staging areas, and (2) that reserves should incorporate adjacent marshes in the non-shooting refuge to ensure high species diversity.     

Is the Yelkouan shearwater Puffinus yelkouan threatened by low adult survival probabilities?

Many seabird species are experiencing population declines, with key factors being high adult mortality caused by fishery by-catch and predation by introduced predators on nesting islands. In the Mediterranean, both of these pressures are intensive and widespread. We studied the adult survival of an endemic Mediterranean seabird, the Yelkouan shearwater (Puffinus yelkouan), between 1969–1994 and 2007–2010 in Malta and between 2004–2010 in France using mark–recapture methods. Mean annual survival probabilities for breeding adults were below 0.9 for all colonies and periods. Between 1969–1994, annual survival for adults of unknown breeding status was on average 0.74 (95% confidence interval: 0.69–0.80) in Malta, possibly as a result of various human disturbances (including illegal shooting), light pollution and fisheries by-catch. Over the period 2004–2010, we found strong support for variation in adult survival probabilities between breeders and non-breeders, and islands with and without introduced predators in France. Survival probabilities for non-breeders (0.95, 0.81–1.0) appeared to be higher than for breeders (0.82, 0.70–0.94), but were imprecise partly due to low recapture probabilities. In Malta, we found evidence for heterogeneity in survival probabilities between two unknown groups (probably breeders and non-breeders), and seasonal variation in survival probability. Birds were more likely to survive the period including the peak breeding season than an equally long period during which they roam widely at sea. Although annual adult survival probability was still low (0.85, 0.58–1.0), colony protection measures appear to have reduced mortality at nesting cliffs. A population model indicated that colonies in France and Malta would currently require continuous immigration of 5–12 pairs per year to maintain stable populations. Our estimates of adult survival probabilities over the past four decades are consistent with overall population declines. Threats to Yelkouan shearwaters require immediate management actions to avoid ongoing population declines in the western Mediterranean.     

广州地区澳洲坚果抽梢与坐果的关系

广州地区澳洲坚果一年主要抽生三次梢,以多年生枝和春梢为主要结果母枝,分别占43.1%和39.1%.结果能力以更梢母枝最强,平均每枝坐果3.0个,其次为多年生枝(2.0个).平均花坐果率0.22%.坐果数与结果母枝长度、粗度、粗/长比和叶片数无显著相关,与花序数和初始坐果数密切相关(R~2=0.7653).树冠郁闭条件极显著地减少初始坐果数.花后5周内落掉总花量的99%以上.幼果的另一个脱落高峰在花后第5至8周,主要是旺盛营养生长与迅速生长的果实的营养竞争所致.