绵羊经济性状相关基因研究进展及其应用

绵羊是重要的农业经济动物之一,不同绵羊品种具有各自独特的性状。利用性状存在变异的绵羊个体,对其进行基因组水平的分析,可以定位获得影响某种性状的基因区段或主效突变位点,鉴定得到的这些重要基因可为绵羊遗传育种提供分子标记,加快遗传选育进程。文章综述了在绵羊中鉴定得到的影响繁殖、生长、抗病及抗逆性状的主效基因发现过程及相应的调控机理,同时还综述了这些基因在绵羊分子育种方面的研究进展,有助于后续探索这些重要基因的具体分子机制,并为绵羊分子育种提供新思路。     

荷斯坦牛高、低乳脂率牛乳代谢组分析

旨在筛选牛乳不同乳脂水平潜在标志性差异代谢物。本研究中乳样采自宁夏农垦贺兰山奶业茂盛牧场,采集体重与月龄相近且健康的头胎次荷斯坦牛泌乳中后期(180~210 d)的早、中、晚班次新鲜乳样(4∶3∶3混合)245份。DHI测定后筛选体细胞数低于20万个·mL^-1,乳脂率具有极端差异的样品26份,其中乳脂率大于4.4%为高乳脂率组(HF组,13份),乳脂率小于3.0%为低乳脂率组(LF组,13份)。之后采用超高效液相色谱-质谱法(UHPLC-MS)对样品进行代谢组学分析。偏最小二乘法-判别分析(PLS-DA)结果显示,相对于LF组,HF组代谢轮廓发生了变化,在HF与LF两组中共鉴定出343种代谢产物,根据VIP值(VIP>1)和单变量统计分析(P<0.05),正、负离子模式下共筛选出60种显著差异代谢物(P<0.05);其中依据P<0.5且FC>2.0及P<0.5且FC<0.5,HF组奶样中15种代谢物含量高于LF组,6种代谢物含量低于LF组;进一步通过ROC曲线下面积AUC>0.85,发现有18种差异代谢物对两组牛乳具有显著区别能力,即：N-油酰甘氨酸、皮质醇、δ-生育酚、PC(14∶0e/9∶0)。结果发现,不同乳脂水平显著差异代谢物有60种,且代谢物N-油酰甘氨酸、皮质醇、δ-生育酚、PC(14∶0e/9∶0)可作为高乳脂率牛乳潜在标志性差异代谢物。本研究结果为奶牛乳脂合成提供了有价值的理论依据,同时也为研究奶牛的泌乳过程提供了资料。     

Effects of logging, liana tangles and pasture on seed fate of dry forest tree species in Central Brazil

We assessed seed fate of six tree species in a seasonally deciduous forest of Central Brazil. Seed germination, predation, removal and death caused by pathogens or dessication were followed in an undisturbed forest site, a logged forest site, and an active pasture. In both forest types we sowed seeds under patches of liana tangles (Low Forest habitat) and under patches of mature forest (High Forest habitat). Seeds were monitored weekly for up to 8 months. Overall, small-seeded species (Astronium fraxinifolium and Tabebuia impetiginosa) had high germination, although germination was lower in the pasture due to insect predation. The hard-coated seeds of Erythrina sp. had higher germination rates in the pasture. The large-seeded Cavanillesia arborea and Swartzia multijuga had high seed removal (ca. 90%) in the pasture and under High Forest, but only 23–34% under Low Forest in the logged site. Lower removal of large seeds in Low Forest suggests that this habitat conceals the seeds and constrains the movement of large mammals. Both species were favored in Low Forest, suggesting that caution should be used when managing lianas. When protected from predation, seeds with a soft coat and high water content, such as the seeds of Eugenia dysenterica and S. multijuga, died from desiccation in the pasture. Restoration efforts must take into consideration high mortality caused by desiccation or insect predation in abandoned pastures of dry forests.     

长白山森林的采伐更新方式

This paper discussed the characteristics of degenerated forest ecosystems in Changbai Mountain area,which include over-harvest natural forest,typical secondary forest,derived forest,and artificial forest.Forest cutting and regeneration methods that were historically used in the region were summarized.They lnclude diameter-class selective cutting,clearcutting,upbringing selective cutting,and selective sutting.We proposed cutting methods for the broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest,spruce-fir forest,and larch forest.The measures for restoring the original mixed forest ecosystems were recommended.     

中国杨树分子遗传改良的研究现状

杨树是中国广泛栽培的重要造林树种之一 ,我国是世界上杨树资源丰富的国家 .杨树具有速生丰产、实用性强、无性繁殖能力强 ,且基因组较小等特点 ,现已成为研究林木生理和基因工程研究的模式树种 .该文概述了基因工程技术、遗传图谱构建、重要性状基因定位以及分子标记辅助选择育种等方面在中国杨树遗传改良中的应用研究进展 ,并对现代分子生物学技术在林木遗传改良应用中存在的主要问题和应用前景进行了讨论     

Screening of heterozygous DNA markers in shiitake (Lentinula edodes) using de-dikaryotization via preparation of protoplasts and isolation of four meiotic monokaryons from one basidium

A suitable screening method for heterozygous DNA markers in shiitake,Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler, is reported. Monokaryons were derived from a dikaryon by de-dikaryotization via protoplast formation. Compatibility of the monokaryons was determined by pairwise culture on agar plates. We selected the primers to amplify polymorphic fragments among the original strain (Hokken600H600) and two monokaryons (H600PP-39 and H600PP-67) showing compatibility. A total of 135 fragments were selected as specific random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) resulting from 56 primers of the 147 primers tested. Furthermore, we tested whether the polymorphic fragments segregated into 22 among four strains isolated from a basidium. Most of the polymorphic fragments (about 97.8%) showed 22 segregation among the four strains. We concluded that the polymorphic fragments were heterozygous if they were detected in either of the monokaryons (H600PP-39 and H600PP-67) and segregated to 22 among four meiotic strains (H600B-1,-2, -3, and -4). A total of 132 heterozygous DNA markers were therefore selected from a dikaryon of shiitake (Hokken600H600).Part of this report was presented at the 8th Annual Meeting of Mushroom Science and Biotechnology and the 47th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kochi, 1997     

基于10个棉花腺体相关材料转录组的EST-SSR标记开发

棉花是重要的经济作物,但有毒棉酚的存在,使棉子得不到充分的利用,所以低酚棉育种是棉花育种的重要内容之一。色素腺体是棉酚的储存器官,开发功能型分子标记,加密棉花遗传图谱对色素腺体和其他重要性状相关基因的研究具有重要作用。本试验以10个有腺体和无腺体材料转录组信息为基础开发EST-SSR标记,在12895条1 kb以上的Unigene中共搜索到1546个SSR位点,发生频率和平均距离分别是11.99%和15.99 kb。得到的EST-SSR中,二碱基和三碱基重复是主要的重复类型,分别占30.85%和48.97%,AT/TA和GAA/CTT分别是二碱基和三碱基的优势重复类型。对长度≥20 bp的SSR共设计合成了56对引物,在这10个材料中进行检测,能扩增出清晰条带的有38对,占67.86%,其中呈多态性的有9对,占23.68%,并对其所在的Unigene功能和表达量进行了初步分析。本研究进一步证明了棉花EST-SSR标记开发的可行性,并且为棉花高密度遗传图谱和腺体相关基因的研究奠定了基础。     

分子生物学技术在甘薯中的应用

甘薯是重要的粮食作物,它的遗传背景复杂,分子生物学研究进展落后于水稻、玉米等作物。分子标记技术主要应用于甘薯的遗传图谱构建、遗传多样性分析以及亲缘关系分析等方面。目前,已经构建了数张遗传图谱,亲缘关系分析表明三浅裂野牵牛I.trifida与甘薯有很紧密的亲缘性。基因克隆技术已经应用于甘薯在抗逆、品质以及块根发育等相关基因的分离,为甘薯的分子育种带来了有益的目的基因。在栗子香、新大紫等甘薯品种有转基因的报道,采用农杆菌介导的方法,已经取得了少量的转基因植株。     

分子标记在甘蓝遗传育种中的应用

本文综述了分子标记在甘蓝遗传育种中应用的几个方面：1、分子标记遗传图谱的建立；2、亲缘关系和遗传多样性的研究；3、基因定位；4、品种纯度鉴定；5、分子标记辅助选择。     

小麦株高相关性状与SNP标记全基因组关联分析

株高是影响小麦产量和控制倒伏的重要因素,研究小麦株高相关性状的遗传机制对高产育种具有指导意义。以205份中国冬麦区小麦品种(系)为材料,利用分布于小麦全基因组的24 355个单核苷酸多态性(SNP)标记对株高相关性状进行关联分析。共发现38个与株高相关性状显著关联(P0.0001)的SNP,分布在1B、2A、2B、3A、3B、3D、4A、4B、5A和6D染色体上。其中,11个位点至少在2个环境中稳定表达,可用于开发CAPS标记。同时,发掘了一批株高性状相关基因的优异等位变异,如降低株高的等位变异Bob White_c48009_52,平均降低株高12.9 cm;控制穗下节间长的等位变异BS00039422_51-C和IAAV1698-A,分别调控穗下节间长5.9 cm和6.6 cm。本研究发掘的控制小麦株高基因位点为在分子水平上研究小麦株高复杂性状提供了有价值的参考。