大豆根缘细胞对Al3+毒害的响应

【目的】研究大豆根缘细胞发育的生物学特性和对Al3+毒害的响应，为提高大豆的耐铝性提供理论依据。【方法】以浙春3号和辽鲜3号为材料，采用悬空气培法，研究大豆根缘细胞产生的数目、活性随根长的变化及Al3+毒胁迫下根缘细胞形成和释放的难易程度。【结果】大豆根冠周围新形成的根缘细胞呈圆形，随着生长逐渐发育成椭圆形或矩形或长条形。当根长为15～25 mm时，根缘细胞数目达最大值，浙春3号约3 000个，辽鲜3号约3 800个。去根缘细胞的大豆分别用100、200、300、400 µmol•L-1 Al3+溶液喷洒根尖，根缘细胞的数目和活性明显低于0 µmol•L-1Al3+溶液喷洒的处理，且Al3+浓度越高，根缘细胞数目和活性下降幅度越大。200 µmol•L-1 Al3+、300 µmol•L-1 Al3+处理4 h，两个大豆品种的PME活性明显升高，400 µmol•L-1Al3+处理后PME活性均有明显下降。这说明高浓度Al3+不利于根缘细胞的形成和释放，降低细胞活性和PME活性，辽鲜3号的根缘细胞对Al3+胁迫反应更为敏感。【结论】Al3+毒害时，维持较高根缘细胞的数目、活性及PME活性是抗性品种耐铝毒的重要途径。     

大豆根构型在玉米/大豆间作系统中的营养作用

 运用根构型不同的大豆品种与玉米进行间作，比较大豆根构型在玉米/大豆间作系统中的营养作用。结果表明，玉米与大豆间作具有明显的间作优势，间作作物的生物量、氮磷含量都显著好于单作。玉米与浅根型大豆品种巴西10号间作，间作优势大于与深根型大豆品种本地2号。说明大豆根构型在玉米/大豆间作系统中具有十分重要的作用。间作系统的氮磷养分竞争比率表明，玉米/大豆这类豆科/禾本科间作组合的优势主要来自对氮的优势性吸收，而玉米与不同基因型大豆间作的优势差异则主要来源于对土壤磷吸收的差异。浅根型大豆品种不仅有利于两种间作作物对土壤磷的吸收，同时还有利于对氮的吸收。     

滴灌小麦根系生理特性及其空间分布

通过管栽滴灌根区水分控制试验,研究不同滴灌条件下,春小麦根系生理特性、垂直分布变化及其产量构成等。结果表明:①孕穗～灌浆初期是滴灌春小麦根系生长的关键时期,此期根系的总根质量和总根长、根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积和根系活力达最大值。②土壤水分过少,根系过氧化物酶活性降低,脯氨酸含量虽有所增加,但后期下降过快,根系过早衰亡;水分过多,影响根系吸收面积增加,根系活力下降,植株贪青晚熟,经济生产效率低;适宜水分(田间饱和质量含水量的70%～75%)处理能有效促进根系生长及生理功能提高,产量最高。通过滴灌控制小麦根区水分状况,可以实现以水调根,促进小麦高产形成并获得较高的水分利用效率。     

水柏枝的根系特征及固沙效果研究

[目的]为西藏砂质土和河滩区水土保持林建设提供理论基础。[方法]在西藏尼洋河滩区选取样地合标准木,采用整株挖掘法,每10cm为1层挖掘土壤,水冲法获取根系,测定不同级别根系的直径、长度和生物量。同时测定土样的有机质含量和土壤水稳性指数。[结果]各级别根系总长度顺序为2级〉3级〉4级〉1级;生物量顺序为：1级〉2级〉3级〉4级,其中2级根系的伸展能力最强。随着土层深度增加,水柏枝根系的生物量和长度均减小。水柏枝林地土壤抗侵蚀性能小于绣线菊和连翘,大于荒坡地。水柏枝具有提高林下土壤有机质含量的作用。[结论]水柏枝根系具有很好的固沙和保持水土的作用,可用于河滩区营造水土保持林。     

Soil sterilization effects on root growth and formation of rhizosheaths in wheat seedlings

Sterilized soils are frequently used in experiments related to soil biology. Soil sterilization is known to alter physicochemical characteristics of soil, plant growth and community structure of the newly developed bacterial population. However, little information exists regarding soil sterilization effects on belowground processes mediated through root–microbe–soil interactions, e.g., development of rhizosheaths which significantly promote the plant growth under stress environments. The present study was conducted to elucidate effects of soil sterilization on wheat root growth and formation of rhizosheaths in relation to chemical changes caused by soil sterilization and the proportion of expolysaccharide (EPS)-producers in bacterial population recolonizing the sterilized soils. Wheat plants were grown for two weeks under greenhouse conditions either in the unsterilized soil or in soils sterilized by autoclaving (121 °C, 1 h) or by gamma (γ)-irradiation (50 kGy). While soil sterilization had no effect on the release of macronutrients, both sterilization procedures significantly increased the electrical conductivity, water-soluble carbon and DTPA-extractable Mn. Seedlings grown in sterilized soils produced higher root biomass and the rhizosheath soil (RS) mass as compared to those grown in the unsterilized soil. Soil sterilization also increased the root length, surface area, volume and number of tips. In bulk soil, RS and on roots, the proportion of EPS-producers in the total bacterial population was higher in sterilized treatments than in the unsterilized. Amending the unsterilized soil with glucose-C increased the root biomass, whereas adding Mn II increased the RS mass. The results showed that soil sterilization by autoclaving or γ-irradiation increases the root growth and RS mass of wheat seedlings. The water-soluble C and DTPA-extractable Mn released upon sterilization, and the increased proportion of EPS-producers in the bacterial population recolonizing the sterilized soils were involved in the observed effects. The results may have implications in studies using autoclaved or γ-irradiated soils to investigate soil–plant–microbe interactions and signify the need to account for intrinsic stimulatory effects of soil sterilization.     

线辣椒不同生育阶段根系分泌物的组分分析

根系分泌物是引起连作障碍的原因之一.为解决线辣椒栽培中连作障碍问题,以陕西关中地区线辣椒主栽品种陕椒2006为试材,采用水培收集、气质联用仪(GC-MS)检测,分析陕椒2006在不同生长发育阶段根系分泌物的组成成分和相对含量.结果表明,线辣椒根系分泌物由多种有机化合物组成,在苗期水培30 d、苗期水培60 d以及开花期水培30 d的根系分泌物中分别检出相似度(或称匹配度)在70％以上的有机化合物21、27和31种,其中相对含量在0.20％以上的分别为21、24和29种.3个生育阶段的有机化合物可分为酸类、酚类、烃类、酯类、醇类、胺类、酮类和苯及其他杂环类8个类型,以酯类化合物所占比例最大,总相对含量分别为67.29％、56.07％和59.51％.3个阶段共有的物质13种,3个阶段独有的物质依次为3种、5种和12种.依据前人的研究结果和理论判断,该试验所检出的有机化合物中,17种具有化感作用,其中3个阶段共有的物质为9种,苗期30 d或60 d与开花期30 d共有的物质为3种,苗期60 d独有的物质为两种,开花期30 d独有的物质为3种.     

劣质地条件下肥料树与绿化牧草混植的效应

研究了劣质地肥料树与绿化牧草混植的效应,比较分析了单植与混植、混植密度、施磷肥对于绿化植物生育的影响。结果表明,混植双方的生育受压,肥料树则伴随着根瘤发育不良受压更加明显,这种状况通过采取少量施磷肥可以得到改善。     

Modelling carbon dynamics in mixed grass–red clover swards

Growth and carbon dynamics in mixed grass–red clover leys were simulated using a growth model for pure stands based on radiation use, allocation within plant and loss of biomass. The model and its parameter values were taken from previous applications of the model to pure swards of grass and red clover grown in the same experiment at the same sites and years.     

经济林种子生理研究进展

经济林种子是育苗、造林的物质基础,种子品质的好坏直接关系到苗木生产及造林的成效。本文就经济林种子的休眠与萌发、种子的老化及劣变、种子活力等种子生理工作研究现状进行了较为系统的总结,并提出了今后经济林种子生理的研究方向和发展趋势。     

膜荚黄芪根水浸液对4种作物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

通过室内生物测定法,研究了黄芪根水浸液对4种作物种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感影响。结果表明,黄芪根水浸液对4种作物种子萌发及幼苗生长均有明显的化感作用,其中根受到的化感抑制大于地上部分,种子萌发阶段受到的化感抑制大于幼苗生长阶段。不同受体的发芽势、最长根长和根冠比受到的化感抑制最强。4种作物的化感敏感性为小麦>板蓝根>大麦>大豆。因此,选择与黄芪轮作、套作的作物时,优先选择大豆和大麦,其次为板蓝根。