关于我国节水农业技术研究的探讨

总结了我国近期节水农业技术研究在农用水资源的合理开发技术、输配水节水工程技术、田间节水灌溉工程技术、提高作物从农田土壤中获取水分形成产量的技术等方面的最新进展。指出了我国节水农业技术研究中存在的主要问题。提出了我国节水农业技术应研究的重点为 :适合我国国情的节水灌溉工程技术 ,研究新工艺、新配方加速节水农业新设备及新材料的产业化 ,节水高效灌溉制度与控制灌溉技术 ,研究开发多种可用于灌溉的水资源 ,研究提高灌溉用水管理水平。     

旱田中耕节水灌溉设备的研究

分析了节水灌溉现状；以玉米苗期为研究对象，结合黑龙江省旱作农业实际，提出了一种与中耕相结合的灌溉方式，为采用机械化灌溉方法解决作物苗期干旱问题提供参考。     

在水泵制造企业中应用成组技术

通过水泵生产企业现状的调查分析，在为某水泵厂开发计算机辅助企业现代化管理系统的基础上，提出了水泵生产企业运用成组技术，强化企业内部管理的内容和方法。     

咸水灌溉下土壤水盐变化的试验研究

2002年在内蒙古河套灌区红卫节水示范园进行了咸水灌溉试验,分析试验结果得出:咸水灌溉下的土壤经过秋浇后含盐量可以降到咸水灌溉前水平。以荷兰Wageningen农业大学等单位开发的土壤水分大气作物系统模拟软件SWAP为工具,应用示范园的土壤、水、盐分试验资料对模型的参数进行了率定和验证,模型模拟结果和田间试验结果符合较好。     

Irrigation and food security in the 21st century

Global food projections indicate that food prices in the next threedecades will likely be stable or decline, but progress inreducing malnutrition in developing countries will be slow. Smallshortfalls in crop productivity growth would lead to rising foodprices and worsening malnutrition. Increased food production fromirrigation is essential, and will require expansion of irrigatedarea and water supplies, and improved efficiency of use of existingwater supplies. Neither of these growth factors will prove easy, andboth will require complex institutional and policy reforms. Failureto meet food production needs through efficient expansion andintensification of irrigated agriculture would increase pressure onland resources and hasten the process of environmental degradation.Irrigation and water development strategies have been hampered bya lack of understanding of the links between water scarcity, foodproduction, food security, and environmental sustainability.Research to improve this understanding would have high payoffs.     

A study of water distribution from a branch to distributary canals: A case study of Gugera Branch,Punjab, Pakistan

This study was conducted on Gugera Branch of Lower Chenab Canal, Punjab, Pakistan. Sample distributaries off taking from Gugera Branch were selected for the study. The existing conditions of water distribution among the distributaries were studied. Field data were collected during the whole of 1988. Field observations suggested that the variability at the head of distributaries is much greater than the variability in the Gugera Branch under existing operational practices. The distribution of water among the distributaries is rarely in accordance with design criteria. Some channels get priority over other channels. The annual closure period varied from 17 to 41 days for different channels. The discharge at the head of distributaries remained lower than the standard operational range for 69 to 183 days in a year. The data suggested that a regulating gate at the head of the distributary can reduce discharge variation up to 2.4 times compared with a Karrees System (wooden stop logs used for water regulation). The data indicated that the adjustments in the head gate of a distributary on daily basis can substantially improve discharge conditions at the head of distributary. Rotational schedules are not being followed as per design and need to be improved. Most of the existing head discharge relationships of discharge measuring structures are not reliable. A frequent calibration of these structures is recommended.     

Effect of water deficit in different growth stages on stem sap flux of greenhouse grown pear-jujube tree

The effects of water deficit in different fruit growth stages on the variation of stem sap flux of 6-year old greenhouse-grown pear-jujube trees were investigated. Treatments included sufficient water supply during the whole fruit-growing period (T₁), mild water deficit during the flowering–fruit setting stage (T₂), moderate water deficit during the fruit rapid growth stage (T₃) and severe water deficit during the fruit maturing stage (T₄). Results showed that significant compensation effect on stem sap flux after re-watering was observed in T₂, but not in T₃ and T₄ stages. At the end of rapid growth stage, the diurnal variation of stomatal conductance generally had a similar trend as that of stem sap flux, but with a distinct midday depression from 12:00 to 14:00 p.m. In addition, a linear relationship between the relative available soil water content (RAWC) and the ratio of daily stem sap flux to that of sufficient water treatment was observed (R² = 0.4489).     

Farm salinity appraisal with water reuse

The need for a better understanding of the interaction between irrigation practices and the elevation and quality of the water table is of paramount importance for developing irrigation management strategies to ameliorate the regional problems of elevated saline water tables in the San Joaquin Valley, California. An area of approximately 3000 ha which includes portions of the Diener Ranch and the adjacent University of California, Westside Research and Extension Center, located south of Five Points in the Westlands Water District on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley was chosen for extensive field measurements. Field work consisted of four main activities namely, field instrumentation, collection of records of field activities, periodic data collection, and analyses of field data. Field measurements of water table carried out during 1994 indicated that the water table elevation was sensitive to the irrigation practices. There was a general increase in the area with a water table close to the surface during the irrigation season, and a return to water table elevations similar to the starting conditions at the end of the season. During the study period, the surface water quality deteriorated more in areas irrigated with reuse water and persisted through the end of the season. Depth averaged electrical conductivity for the study area over 6.5 m decreased between December 1993 and December 1994. Vertical hydraulic gradients in the saturated zone, were found to be an order of magnitude larger than horizontal gradients. The direction of vertical gradients changed, with downward gradients following pre-irrigations and upward gradients later in the season, when crop water requirements increased. Based on the results of the field study, it can be concluded that the irrigation management practices have a direct effect on local water table response as well as on water quality. Therefore, irrigation practices that promote less deep percolation losses may be helpful in controlling the water table rise.     

东深供水改造工程站用电系统的设计

东深供水改造工程站用电系统主要包括莲湖、旗岭、金湖泵站的内部用电路设备的供电系统。泵站用电采用380／220V中性点接地的三相四线制系统供电；为保证机组的安全稳定运行，对机组自用电的叶片调节机构油压装置采用双回路供电。选用站用电系统设备时应满足短路时的动、热稳定，开断电流，开关上、下级的选择性等要求。     

引水渠道口门泥沙淤积计算

引水渠是一种常见的河道分流形式，由于主河道与引水渠之间往往有一定的夹角，水流从分汊前主河道流入引水渠时必然在一定的范围内发生一定程度的弯曲，其结果是有利于较多较粗的泥沙分入引水渠，导致渠道口门产生较为严重的淤积现象，而渠道口门淤积问题是决定引水工程是否成败的主要因素之一，通过一维非恒定流水沙沙数学模型，研究了不同水沙条件下引江济汉工程引水渠道口门泥沙淤积厚度变化规律，并分析了糙率对口门淤积厚度的影响情况，模型的计算结果与水流运动规律相吻合，可以为渠道引水防沙设计提供技术支持。