贵州林火发生时间卫星监测动态分析

根据国家林业局西南卫星林火监测分中心2005~2010年贵州林业卫星监测数据及相关信息的分析,对贵州省林火发生时间进行动态分析,结果表明,2009~2010年持续高温干旱,火灾发生频率较高,1~2月份进入高危火险时间,3~4月进入高峰期。分析结果为有针对性地制定防火规划提供依据。     

Comparative proteomics analysis of maize (Zea mays) leaves infected by small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus)

Maize rough dwarf disease (MRDD) is a viral disease caused by brown planthopper infestation, and leads to great yield loss, especially in China. Comparative proteomics was performed using maize inbred line Zheng 58 and LN 287. MRDD pathogen was detected as rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) in Shandong Province, China. The modified trichloroacetic acid (TCA)/acetone method was used for soluble protein extraction from leaves. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis was performed on 24-cm long, pH 4–7 linear immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips, and gels were stained with silver and coomassie brilliant blue. We identified 944 proteins expressed in RBSDV infected maize leaves by proteomics approaches. Among these, 44 protein spots that revealed a 1.5-fold difference in intensity were identified by mass spectrometry between mock-inoculated and RBSDV infected samples. Among these, 17 and 26 spots were up-regulated, and 27 and 18 spots were down-regulated in the virus infected samples of Zheng 58 and LN 287, respectively. Differential protein spots were analyzed by mass spectrometry identification, which could be divided into six categories. Furthermore, the expression of stress-related proteins was detected and confirmed by qRT-PCR. This study lays the foundation for further investigations, enabling the enhancement of MRDD resistance in maize.     

吴震东公式简化计算研究

混凝土工程冬季施工主要采用非加热养护方法,这类方法的技术关键是精确的热工计算,而热工计算目前仍广泛应用吴震东理论,按吴震东理论建立的整套公式可以描述混凝土在各咎情况下温度时间变化规律,但由于吴东公式较为复杂,许多学者对简化吴震东公式作了深化入的研究和讨论,据此分析了简化吴震东公式的思路、途径与方法,并评价了各类简化公式和近似公式的优点与不足之处。     

富含多糖甜玉米幼穗RNA提取及高温胁迫基因表达分析

以改良Trizol试剂法从富含多糖的甜玉米幼穗中提取高质量、完整的总RNA,利用实时荧光定量PCR对高温胁迫下粤甜13雌穗发育的8个差异表达基因进行分析。结果表明,8个基因分为上调表达和下调表达,实时荧光定量PCR和测序法基因表达谱检测的基因上调或下调表达的趋势一致,上调表达基因ZM2G058057和下调表达基因ZM2G059964、ZM2G044670相对表达量较高,可能在高温胁迫影响甜玉米幼雌穗发育过程中起更重要的作用。     

稻草覆盖始期对红壤旱地花生生长及产量形成的影响

探明红壤旱地花生进行稻草覆盖的最佳时期。通过设定播种后1 d（T1）、出苗后10 d（T2）、始花期（T3）、盛花期（T4）、结荚期（T5）开始覆盖稻草5个处理,以全程无覆盖（CK）为对照,研究覆盖时期对花生产量形成及旱地生态的影响。花生出苗前稻草覆盖会显著降低花生的出苗率,降低产量,而出苗后10 d到结荚期进行稻草覆盖均可以有效的抑制杂草发生,保持土壤水分、降低土壤温度,并有利于减缓花生叶片的衰老,增加后期绿叶数,延长花生叶片的功能,促进根瘤生长,有效的提高花生产量。江西红壤旱地花生稻草覆盖可减少杂草的发生、改善土壤温湿条件,有利于产量形成,适宜的覆盖始期为齐苗后10 d左右,过早或过迟进行覆盖,效果均受影响,甚至会减产。     

小麦籽粒淀粉合成酶基因表达与酶活性特征的研究

为研究小麦籽粒淀粉合成酶基因表达与酶活性的特征,以普通小麦品种秦麦11(粒重36.942 mg/粒,淀粉含量61.02%)和中优9507(粒重50.636 mg/粒,淀粉含量68.36%)为材料,采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法,对灌浆期籽粒淀粉合成酶相关基因的表达进行了研究,并对其表达量与相应酶活性的相关性做了分析.结果表明,腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶基因(AGPase)、束缚态淀粉合成酶基因(GBSSI)、可溶性淀粉合成酶基因(SSS)、淀粉分支酶基因(SBE)表达均呈单峰曲线变化,在花后3 d 内检测不到其表达,花后4～6 d 这些基因开始表达.AGPase和SSS在花后12 d左右表达量达到高峰,GBSSI和SBE在花后15 d左右的表达量最大.自花后18 d开始,各基因的表达量均显著下降.中优9507在表达高峰期(即花后第12、15、18 d)的酶基因相对表达量均显著高于秦麦11,且差异均达显著水平.整个灌浆期间中优9507的四种淀粉合成酶活性高于秦麦11,尤其在灌浆中期差异更显著.相关分析表明,AGPase、SSS、SBE基因在花后15 d的相对表达量与相应酶活性间呈极显著正相关,而GBSS基因的相对表达量与GBSS酶活性间相关不显著,暗示AGPase、SSS、SBE基因在籽粒淀粉合成过程中属于转录水平调控,而GBSSI基因属于转录后调控.     

小麦抽穗至灌浆期蚜虫防治技术研究

为了系统研究小麦大田麦蚜防治技术,以弱筋小麦扬麦13为材料,调查了抽穗至灌浆期麦蚜与天敌的数量动态,研究了阿维菌素、吡虫啉、毒死蜱和乐果四种农药对麦蚜的防治效果和对天敌的影响以及麦蚜的防治适期.结果表明,天敌量随麦蚜密度的波动而波动,两者关系达极显著水平(r=0.93**);所选四种农药对麦蚜的防治效果均较好,但生物农药阿维菌素和选择性杀虫剂吡虫啉对天敌的杀伤率较低;在抽穗开花期至花后7 d即麦蚜发生初盛期进行一次性施药防治,可获得较好的防治效果;麦田治蚜对灰飞虱有一定兼治作用,但效果不理想.     

Enhanced kernel set promoted by synchronous pollination determines a tradeoff between kernel number and kernel weight in temperate maize hybrids

Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield is strongly related to the number of harvested kernels, where kernel number can be increased by synchronously pollinating silks rather than allowing them to be progressively pollinated as they naturally appear from the husks. However, there is scarce evidence on how this practice affects kernel weight (KW) and plant grain yield (PGY), and no report exists on its effects when combined with treatments aimed to reduce apical dominance, like male sterility and detasseling. Field experiments were conducted in two growing seasons (Exp₁ and Exp₂) using two hybrids, cropped at contrasting stand densities (3 and 9 plants per m²) and including (i) male-fertile and male-sterile versions, (ii) tasseled and detasseled plants, and (iii) natural (NP) and synchronous pollination (SP; pollen added manually to ears bagged 5 days after initial silking) systems. Tassel growth of sterile and fertile versions was also evaluated in a separate experiment (Exp₃). Detasseling increased the number of ears per plant reaching silking (P < 0.001) of NP plants, but this beneficial effect of reduced apical dominance did not improve kernel number per plant (KNP) or PGY. Similarly, the early arrest of anther growth in male-sterile plants had no clear benefit on KNP. In contrast, KNP was enhanced by synchronous pollination (range between −13% and +71%; average of +15.4% in Exp₁ and +3.9% in Exp₂). However, this pollination system promoted a decreased in KW (range between −30% and +4%; average of −11.8% in Exp₁ and −7.8 in Exp₂) such that the treatment had no effect on PGY (range between −19% and +37%; average of +1% in Exp₁ and −4% in Exp₂). Because plant growth rate around flowering was not different between pollination treatments, assimilate availability per kernel was reduced from ovary fertilization onwards in synchronously pollinated plants when compared to open pollinated plants. This explains the reduced KW when increasing KNP by synchronous pollination. In summary, none of the imposed treatments allowed grain yield to be increased at the plant level.     

低温和诱导时间对小麦小孢子培养的影响

为了优化小麦小孢子培养体系,研究了低温处理花药、幼穗及诱导培养时间对小孢子形态、胚胎发生和植株再生的影响。结果表明,经低温处理后,有活力的小孢子体积增大、形态变化明显,据其液泡大小、数目及其与细胞核位置的关系,可分为4种类型。低温处理可显著提高胚状体数和绿苗数,其中处理花药3 d、幼穗7 d的效果最好,平均每皿的绿苗数分别为59株和57株。胚状体发育速度显著影响绿苗分化能力,小孢子诱导培养28-29 d、直径约2 mm的胚状体数目较少,但绿苗分化率高;诱导培养32-38 d、直径为2 mm的胚状体数目达到了峰值,而绿苗分化率极低。在小麦小孢子培养中,应选择诱导28-29 d、直径2 mm的胚状体进行分化培养。     

鱼糜制品中基因组DNA提取方法的比较

将分别采用普通酚-氯仿抽提法和试剂盒(柱吸附法)提取DNA的两种方法加以比较,以确定最适提取鱼糜制品DNA的方法.将鱼肉和鱼糜制品作为原料,用两种方法提取基因组DNA,利用分光光度计测定其A260与A280的吸光值,计算比率估计核酸的纯度,并利用琼脂糖凝胶电泳观察DNA片段在凝胶中的位置;并用线粒体16S rRNA基因PCR扩增产物鉴定所提取的基因组DNA.