旋幽夜蛾对寄主植物选择偏好和种群适合度

【目的】研究旋幽夜蛾对寄主植物的选择偏好和种群适合度,为旋幽夜蛾的生态防治提供理论依据。【方法】通过田间罩笼试验和室内饲养试验,调查产卵选择率、幼虫取食选择率、生长发育指标和种群参数。【结果】旋幽夜蛾成虫产卵选择率为灰藜＞棉花＞甜菜＞白菜,幼虫取食选择性由高到低依次为甜菜＞白菜＞灰藜＞棉花。参试4种寄主植物的幼虫历期由长到短为棉花＞甜菜＞白菜＞灰藜,蛹历期为棉花＞甜菜＞灰藜＞白菜。饲喂白菜、棉花比饲喂灰藜、甜菜的蛹质量稍重。饲喂4种寄主植物的孵化率为81.97%～87.26%,饲喂灰藜的幼虫存活率最高,为82.93%,饲喂棉花的幼虫存活率最低,为22.50%,饲喂棉花的蛹存活率最高,为100.00%,饲喂甜菜的蛹存活率最低,为82.36%,饲喂灰藜的羽化率最高,为91.36%,饲喂甜菜的羽化率最低,为71.38%。饲喂白菜的产卵量最高,为367.30粒/雌,饲喂棉花的产卵量最低,为274.70粒/雌。【结论】棉花、白菜、甜菜、灰藜均可作为旋幽夜蛾的寄主。灰藜、白菜、甜菜均为旋幽夜蛾的适宜寄主。灰藜是旋幽夜蛾最偏好选择产卵的寄主,甜菜、白菜是幼虫最偏好取食的寄主,旋幽夜蛾对寄主的产卵选择偏好与取食选择偏好存在差异。参试4种寄主饲喂旋幽夜蛾,各寄主间对卵历期、成虫历期和繁殖力、卵孵化率无显著影响,但对其幼虫历期、蛹历期、世代历期、幼虫存活率、蛹存活率、羽化率、蛹重存在显著影响,旋幽夜蛾对参试4种寄主植物的适合度存在一定差异。     

城市居民森林康养活动需求偏好研究——以福州市为例

了解不同类型市民对森林康养活动的需求,有助于森林管理者开发和建设满足市民需求偏好的森林康养产品.以福州市民为对象,通过问卷调查法进行数据收集,运用SPSS22.0统计软件对市民的森林康养活动需求偏好进行探讨分析.运用因子分析法得出福州市民的主要森林康养活动需求包括科普体验、保健疗养、运动健身和修身养性四大类;保健疗养是...     

云杉花墨天牛取食倾向初报

为探究云杉花墨天牛Monochamus saltuarius Gebler的取食倾向,在养虫箱内对红松Pinus koraiensis、油松Pinus tabulaeformis和日本落叶松Larix kaempferi枝条饲喂的云杉花墨天牛成虫体质量和取食选择性进行研究。结果发现,云杉花墨天牛对红松、油松和日本落叶松均具有取食行为,取食红松和油松的体质量显著高于取食日本落叶松的;对不同松树取食部位也有较大差异,主要取食红松新梢,油松新梢、新枝和针叶,落叶松针叶;对3种寄主植物的取食倾向由高到低为红松,油松,日本落叶松。     

东亚小花蝽成虫对西花蓟马的捕食功能反应与搜寻效应

室内测定了东亚小花蝽成虫对西花蓟马的捕食功能反应与搜寻效应。结果表明,供试温度下,东亚小花蝽成虫的捕食功能反应符合Holling Ⅱ型方程,对西花蓟马若虫、成虫的捕食量随着猎物密度的增加而增加,搜寻效应随着猎物密度的增加而降低,捕食上限分别为163．9头／d和51．3头／d。     

沙棘木蠹蛾对不同树种的产卵选择

选用来自内蒙古、四川和宁夏的21个树种(品种),其中包括15个沙棘种(品种),集中种植在宁夏彭阳,采用笼内人工接虫和野外自然感虫试验,观察了沙棘木蠹蛾成虫对不同树种的产卵选择行为。结果表明,沙棘木蠹蛾成虫对不同树种表现出明显的产卵选择。以本地感虫树种中国沙棘作为对照,将其分为4个级别:1)拒产卵树种(柳叶沙棘、云南沙棘、榆树、桃树、苹果和杏树);2)低产卵树种(丘依斯克×中国沙棘、乌兰格木×中国沙棘、霞光、棱果、肋果、太阳、沙枣和梨树);3)高产卵树种(浑金、乌兰格木、优胜和楚伊);4)喜产卵树种(橙色和阿亚甘卡)。此外,沙棘木蠹蛾在植株树干上的产卵高度、产卵方向也具有明显的选择性,产卵高度与植株地径正相关,产卵方向以南面居多。     

鸭肠炎病毒核衣壳蛋白密码子偏爱性分析

为给鸭肠炎病毒（DEV）核衣壳蛋白（NP）基因选择良好的宿主表达系统提供参考依据,本研究运用EM-BOSS软件包CHIPS和CUSP程序对DEVNP基因进行了密码子偏爱性分析。结果显示,DEV NP基因的ENC值为51.180,编码NP蛋白的A、I等氨基酸不同密码子的使用频率存在一定的差异;从与DEV NP基因密码子使用频率比值上看,大肠杆菌22个、酵母18个、鸭12个和人20个密码子存在较大的偏爱性。由此可见,编码DEVNP蛋白密码子出现频率较均一,且酵母等真核生物与其密码子偏爱性较为接近,可作为该基因体外表达宿主的首选。     

土壤含水量对硝化和反硝化过程N_2O排放及同位素特征值的影响

【目的】通过室内培养试验,研究不同含水量对北京顺义潮褐土N_2O排放及同位素特征值(δ15Nbulk,δ18O和nitrogen isotopomer site preference of N_2O,简称SP)的影响,以期获得不同水分条件下土壤N_2O产生途径及变化规律,为农田土壤N_2O减排提供理论依据。【方法】结合稳定同位素技术与乙炔抑制法,以北京顺义潮褐土为试材,设置3个含水量梯度:67%、80%和95%WFPS(土壤体积含水量与总孔隙度的百分比或实际重量含水量与饱和含水量的百分比,简称WFPS),在此基础上设置无C2H2,0.1%(V/V)C2H2和10%(V/V)C2H2处理。将土壤装入培养瓶中培养2 h,之后收集培养瓶中的气体测定N_2O浓度及同位素特征值,并采集土样测定其NH+4-N和NO-3-N的含量。利用同位素二源混合模型计算硝化和反硝化作用对土壤N_2O排放的贡献率,对N_2O产生途径进行量化分析。【结果】根据室内土壤培养测定结果,高(95%WFPS)、中(80%WFPS)和低(67%WFPS)含水量土壤N_2O加权平均排放通量分别为1.17、0.27和0.08 mg N·kg-1·d-1,高含水量土壤N_2O排放量均显著高于中、低含水量处理,中含水量处理显著高于低含水量;整个培养周期,高、中和低含水量土壤N_2O+N_2累积排放量分别为培养初期总的无机氮含量的18.05%、5.27%和1.24%(N_2O+N_2累积排放量分别为19.61、5.72和1.35 mg N·kg-1;各处理NH+4-N+NO-3-N初始含量均为108.62 mg N·kg-1);与低含水量处理相比,高、中含水量土壤的N_2O+N_2累积排放量分别增加了13.53倍和3.24倍,高含水量土壤N_2O+N_2累积排放量比中含水量高2.43倍,表现为随着含水量的增加,土壤无机氮(NH+4-N+NO-3-N)以气态氮(N_2O+N_2)形式的损失量逐渐增加。3个含水量处理N_2O的δ15Nbulk加权平均值变化范围为-42.93‰—-4.07‰,且较高含水量处理显著低于较低含水量处理;10%(V/V)C2H2抑制土壤中N_2O还原成N_2的过程,各含水量土壤中,10%(V/V)C2H2处理组其N_2O的δ18O值显著低于0.1%(V/V)C2H2处理组,且N_2O/(N_2O+N_2)比率随土壤含水量增加而降低;各处理土壤中同时存在多个N_2O产生过程,对于培养第一周,土壤产生的N_2O的SP值于培养前4 d呈逐渐增加的趋势,之后又逐渐降低,低含水量土壤在第1—2天产生的N_2O的SP值为6.74‰—12.04‰,反硝化作用对土壤N_2O排放的贡献率为56.36%—66.15%,此培养阶段表现为土壤主要通过反硝化作用产生N_2O,之后,硝化作用贡献率(55.78%—100%)增强;中含水量土壤N_2O的SP加权平均值为10.26‰,该土壤中反硝化作用(40.90%—74.04%)占据主导地位;加10%(V/V)C2H2的高含水量处理,在整个培养第一周均具有较高的SP值,变化范围为7.61‰—21.11‰;与0.1%(V/V)C2H2处理组相比,10%(V/V)C2H2处理的高、中和低含水量土壤排放N_2O的SP加权平均值分别降低了0.10倍、0.33倍和0.06倍。【结论】土壤含水量增加促进N_2O排放,高含水量处理中N_2O排放量最高。67%WFPS处理中,N_2O排放前期以反硝化作用为主,后期以硝化作用为主;80%WFPS处理中,N_2O主要由反硝化过程产生;95%WFPS处理中,N_2O排放以硝化作用为主。     

Volatiles from Sophora japonica flowers attract Harmonia axyridis adults (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is a common generalist predator in China and is occasionally found gathering on the Chinese pagoda tree, Sophora japonica, in summer. In a field investigation, we found that H. axyridis adults preferred S. japonica during its flowering period even though their optimal prey(aphid) is absent at this time. In addition, male and female adults were attracted to S. japonica flowers to a similar extent in a Y-tube olfactometer assay. Using coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection(GC-EAD), we identified a flower odor component(nonanal) that elicited a significant electrophysiological response in H. axyridis. Electroantennogram(EAG) dose-dependent responses revealed that the amplitude of the adult beetle's EAG response increased with increasing concentration of nonanal, peaking at 10 mg mL~(–1). In Y-tube olfactometer behavioral tests, H. axyridis adults preferred a 10 mg mL~(–1) nonanal source over a 100 mg mL~(–1) diluent. Under field conditions, the adults were significantly attracted to both concentrations(10 and 100 mg mL~(–1)), and high concentrations generally had greater attraction. All these results suggest that nonanal, a volatile compound of S. japonica flowers, greatly attracts H. axyridis adults. This study provides a basis for the development of synthetic attractants of H. axyridis, with the potential to promote biocontrol services of this generalist predator in the native area(e.g., China) and to suppress its population by mass trapping in its invasive areas.     

不同收入视角下农户对农村公共品的需求偏好分析

本研究利用四川、河南、山西、陕西、贵州、宁夏6省1 146户农户微观数据,分析了不同收入水平农户对农村公共品的需求偏好,并采用二元Logistic模型,实证研究了农户对农村公共品的需求偏好与其影响因素之间的作用机理。研究表明,农户对农村公共品的整体需求意愿较为强烈,且农户的需求意愿随着收入水平的提高而提升;农户对不同类型公共品的需求偏好表现出一定的层次性或具有一定的差异性,即农户对医疗卫生保健的需求意愿最为强烈,其次依次是农村道路、农村社会保障、农村文化娱乐、农村基础教育;不同收入水平农户对不同类型公共品的需求偏好呈现出不同的特点;对于农户公共品需求偏好的影响因素而言,不同的因素对农户公共品需求偏好的影响方向和程度有所差异,但是对其产生共同关键影响的因素有村庄经济发展程度、受教育程度、政策支持、地方政府对中央政策的执行效果。     

Choice of attractive conditions by beef cattle in a Y-maze just after release from restraint: Effect of sheep

To provide useful information on how to moderate post‐handling stress, Angus heifers (n = 157) were individually allowed to enter a choice area after 2 min of restraint in a crush and to choose between two pens. After the animal had chosen a pen, free access was given to both test pens and the choice area for a further 5 min. The behaviors during choice and after the first choosing were observed. In experiment 1, each heifer was given one of the following choices: pen with three familiar heifers (peers) versus pen with six sheep (sheep; n = 30); peers versus the bare pen (bare; n = 30); sheep versus bare (n = 30). When the choice combination was peers versus bare, more heifers than expected by chance chose the peers pen (χ² = 4.80; P < 0.05). However, when one of the other choice combinations was given, there was no significant difference between the number choosing a pen and the expected value. After the first choice, more heifers entered the peers pen than the bare pen (P < 0.05) or the sheep pen (P < 0.10). In experiment 2, another 67 heifers were given one of the following choices: peers versus pen with a novel object (NO; n = 19); sheep versus NO (n = 22); bare versus NO (n = 26). There was no significant difference between the number of heifers choosing a pen and the expected value in any choice combination. However, more heifers entered the peers pen than the NO pen (P < 0.01). It is concluded that sheep were not as attractive as peers, but sheep were not fearful animals for cattle.