密度与肥料运筹对迟播小麦产量和茎秆抗倒能力的影响

为给迟播小麦抗逆高产栽培提供参考,以扬麦23为材料,通过三因素裂区试验,设置2个密度水平（210×10⁴和270×10⁴株·hm^-2）、3个施氮水平(180、225和270 kg·hm^-2)和2个氮肥运筹比例（基肥∶壮蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥分别为4∶2∶1∶3和6∶0∶2∶2）,研究了密度、氮肥用量及运筹比例对小麦产量、茎秆形态特性、化学成分以及抗倒能力的影响。结果表明,高密度（270×10⁴株·hm^-2）处理的平均产量高于低密度（210×10⁴株·hm^-2）处理,平均增产2.7%;低密度条件下,随施氮量的增加,产量上升,而高密度条件下则先增后降。增加播种密度会增加茎秆基部节间长度和株高,降低茎秆基部节间单位长度干重以及木质素含量,从而影响小麦的抗倒性能。减少氮肥施用量、基肥施用量和控制拔节期施肥比例均能够有效降低株高及茎秆基部节间长度,增加茎秆基部节间充实度,增强木质素合成关键酶活性,提高基部第二节间木质素的含量,从而提升小麦抗倒能力。因此迟播小麦采用270×10⁴株·hm^-2密度、225 kg·hm^-2施氮量、4∶2∶1∶3氮运筹比例有利于控制倒伏,同时获得较高的产量。     

迟播迟栽对不同类型粳稻品种机插产量及生育期的影响

以杂交稻和常规稻为试验材料,在苏南常熟、苏中兴化和苏北东海3个试验点同时开展播期试验,探讨迟播迟栽条件下机插稻稳产、增产问题。结果表明,随着播期的推迟,各试验点水稻生物产量、经济产量、经济系数、单位面积穗数、每穗粒数、群体颖花量和结实率不断下降,生育期延迟且全生育期缩短。分析发现,每穗粒数受播期影响最大,其余依次为结实率、穗数、千粒重。甬优2638依其大穗优势具有更高的产量潜力,但随着播期的推迟,其产量优势减小。甬优2638在各稻区均表现出抽穗较早、群体库容大、生物产量高等优势,具有在迟播迟栽生产条件下获取稳产、高产的潜质。迟播迟栽对不同类型水稻品种产量及生育期具有较大影响。据此,从安全生育性及稳产角度考虑,对不同类型品种在不同稻区生产的最晚播期进行了初步拟定,以为大面积生产提供参考。     

晚播条件下施氮量对稻茬小麦氮素吸收及产量的影响

为给安徽省江淮稻麦轮作区域晚播稻茬小麦高产栽培的氮肥合理施用提供依据,选用当地主栽品种扬麦18和皖垦麦076为试验材料,设置5个施氮水平(0、90、180、270和360 kg·hm~(-2)),分析施氮量对晚播小麦氮素积累与分配、糖氮比、氮素同化酶活性及产量的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥能显著提高小麦各器官的氮积累量以及营养器官花前贮存氮素转运量、转运效率和转运氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率,氮素收获指数随着施氮量的增加而降低。随施氮量的增加,小麦各生育时期不同器官的糖氮比值显著降低。小麦的氮素分配比例在生育前期以叶片最高,成熟期籽粒中氮素分配比例显著高于其余部位,而小麦的可溶性糖分配比例在生育前期以茎鞘最高,成熟期籽粒较高。在0～270 kg·hm~(-2)施氮量范围内,增施氮肥后,两个小麦品种的硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合成酶活性均显著提高,穗数、穗粒数和籽粒产量均明显增加。继续增加施氮量至360kg·hm~(-2)时,氮素同化酶活性和产量无显著变化,说明施氮过多对小麦氮素同化和产量无益。土壤氮贡献率、氮肥农学利用效率和氮素偏生产力均随施氮量增加而降低。推荐江淮区域稻茬小麦晚播条件下适宜施氮量为180～270kg·hm~(-2)偏下限,可兼顾高产及氮素高效吸收和利用。     

播期对陕南不同粳稻品种产量和稻米品质的影响

以楚粳38等5个粳稻品种为材料,研究了播期对不同粳稻品种产量和稻米品质的影响。结果表明,这些粳稻品种在陕南种植时,随着播期的推迟,成熟期相应推迟,产量也逐步下降;随着播期推迟,灌浆结实期日平均气温的降低,粳稻品种的垩白粒率、垩白度极显著降低,外观品质变优;不同粳稻品种之间产量、稻米品质差异显著。因此,选用优质、高产品种同时适当延迟播种,是解决陕南地区粳稻品种产量和稻米品质矛盾的有效途径。     

Effects of seedbed properties on crop emergence: 3. Effects of firming of seedbeds with various sowing depths and water contents

Abstract

Extensive experiments were carried out in shallow plastic boxes placed directly on the ground in the field to study the effects of seedbed properties on the emergence of various crops in a cool temperate climate. In a group of experiments with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), we studied the effects on crop emergence of firming (slight compaction) of the seedbed, simulating the recompacting effects of rolling after sowing or press wheels on the seed coulters. Most of the experiments were carried out without irrigation after sowing. The firming usually had a slightly positive effect on emergence when the water content in the surface layer at sowing was below the wilting point. When the water content in the surface layer was higher, firming often reduced emergence drastically, particularly with deep sowing and in coarse-textured soils. The main reason for negative effects was harmful hardening of the surface layer when the more firm seedbed gradually dried out. When irrigation kept the seedbed continuously moist, the negative effect of firming was almost eliminated. Very high initial water content in the basal layer tended to delay surface layer drying and hardening, and to reduce the negative effect of firming. Firming only slightly influenced the evaporative water losses from the soil. In contrast to the results presented here, previous field trials with cereals have usually resulted in more positive effects of rolling after sowing. This indicates that other effects than firming, such as modification of sowing depth and reshaping of the soil surface, are other important effects of rolling.     

山东省水稻免耕旱直播试验及可行性分析

为探究水稻免耕旱直播在山东省的适应性,使用2BDMM-8稻麦宽苗带灭茬播种机,在涛雒稻麦轮作两熟区和高青春季稻一熟区分别进行了免耕旱直播试验,以机械育苗插秧为对照,分析免耕旱直播对水稻株高、分蘖情况的影响,对不同种植方式下的水稻产量及产量构成因素、生产成本等进行统计分析。结果表明:水稻免耕旱直播与机械育苗插秧相比,生育期短,生长速度快,株高无显著差异;分蘖率分别为57%和58%,比插秧对照低6.5%和10.4%;产量分别为8 970和10 020 kg/hm2,与插秧对照无显著差异(P0.05),验证了水稻免耕旱直播在山东常规稻种植区基本可行。通过成本比较,免耕旱直播成本比插秧对照分别节约2 472和3 312元/hm2,说明免耕旱直播在山东地区有很好的推广前景。该研究为山东常规稻种植区免耕旱直播提供了参考。     

Ammonium nitrogen in soil solution and seed nitrogen affect the percentage of establishment of rice plants in submerged soil

The effect of ammonium nitrogen concentration in soil solution on the establishment of rice plants was examined. The increase of the concentration decreased the percentage of establishment of seeds sown in submerged soil, although most of seeds sown on submerged soil became established. Therefore, the increase of ammonium nitrogen concentration in soil solution may impair the establishment of seeds sown in submerged soil, which would occur presumably because the increase delays the spear growth and emergence without the decline of soil redox potential. Several seed lots with various nitrogen contents were obtained from rice plants grown under various conditions. The percentage of establishment of low-nitrogen seeds sown in submerged soil was much lower than that of high-nitrogen seeds, especially in soils whose solution contained a large amount of ammonium nitrogen. However, the difference in the percentage of establishment between high- and low-nitrogen seeds sown on submerged soil was much smaller. Therefore, the increase of seed nitrogen content may improve the percentage of establishment of seeds sown in submerged soil, presumably because the increase accelerates the spear growth and emergence. Consequently, for direct sowing in submerged soil, ammonium nitrogen concentration in soil solution should remain low because ammonium nitrogen exerts an adverse effect on seedling establishment, and vigorous seeds with a high nitrogen content should be sown because seed nitrogen exerts a beneficial effect on seedling establishment.     

精准农业土壤采样栅格划分方法的研究

针对精准农业技术应用的日益普及,通过对一个地块土壤养分进行详细栅格采样分析,利用计算机插值的方法对土壤中各种营养元素和微量元素进行了分析。在采样栅格大小不同的条件下,随机选择5个采样点进行插值,分析了5个采样点在不同栅格采样条件下的插值结果。通过插值计算得到土壤中的全氮、速效氮和速效磷随着采样栅格的加大,插值点处的插值误差呈现出加大的趋势,但对于速效钾和其他的微量元素则呈现出与之不同的结论,采样点在田间的分布将直接影响计算机插值计算的分析结果     

电液混合调控式大蒜播种机设计与试验

针对传统大蒜播种装备自动化程度低而导致的播种合格率和作业效率低等问题,设计了一种电液混合调控式大蒜播种机。该机主要由电控播种装置、播深调节装置、参数检测装置和人机交互界面等组成。以单片机为核心控制器,利用速度传感器和旋转编码器,实现了株距与作业速度的匹配;分析开沟入土阻力与入土深度关系,确定了播深调节液压装置关键部件;结合光电传感器和显示屏,完成了作业参数实时显示与播种异常报警功能。以杂交蒜为试验对象,分别进行了播深一致性试验、播量检测试验和播种质量试验,结果显示,播深调节平均误差为4.7%,播深变异系数平均值为5.3%;播量检测平均误差为4.0%;播种合格率为83.7%,漏播率为6.2%,满足大蒜播种农艺要求,且较同种条件下以汽油机为动力源的大蒜播种机漏播率降低3.1个百分点。     

精密播种机下压力和播深CAN总线监控与评价系统研究

为实现精密播种作业中播种下压力和播深的实时监控和质量评价,设计了一种多行播种机下压力和播深CAN总线监控与评价系统。系统采用基于角度和轴销传感器的播深和下压力测量装置,优化设计了液压驱动和分区控制的气压驱动装置,开发了基于Co De Sys(Controlled development system)编程环境的智能终端交互界面和ECU(Electronic control unit)控制程序,实现了基于CAN总线通信的作业参数监测控制和质量评价。通过搭建的室内试验台完成了播深和下压力静态建模试验,建立了适应不同设定播深的下压力测量模型。分区控制系统响应测试试验表明,在调节范围(0. 2～0. 6 MPa)内,系统超调量低于5. 97%;响应时间与控制行数和设定气压正相关;在设定气压(0. 1～0. 6 MPa)范围内,6行播种机调节时间不超过2. 35 s。为测试系统工作性能,在25、50、75 mm 3种设定播深下,对左区控制(600 N)、右区控制(300 N)、机械调节和自重调节4种控制方式进行了田间性能试验。土壤压实和播种下压力控制效果试验表明,主动分区控制方式可实现更为稳定的土壤紧实度,且在浅旋地块环境下,右区控制方式可达到最优的下压力稳定性,其控制合格率不小于95. 78%;播深控制效果试验表明,随着设定播深的增大,播深质量显著降低,在设定播深25～75 mm范围内,左区控制、右区控制、机械调节和自重调节对应的最小播深合格率分别为91. 92%、92. 53%、70. 44%和58. 72%,对应的最大标准差分别为2. 22、3. 11、3. 69、7. 70 mm,对应的最大变异系数分别为3. 52%、4. 40%、4. 96%和14. 01%。相比机械调节和自重调节,分区控制系统提高了单体下压力和播深稳定性。