产ACC脱氨酶植物根际促生菌的筛选及其对修复植物高羊茅生长的影响

以1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)为唯一氮源,从石油污染的土壤中分离得到一株具有ACC脱氨酶活性的菌株D5A.该菌在以ACC为唯一氮源条件下,其ACC脱氨酶比活力为0.084 U/mg.另外,D5A还具有产生吲哚乙酸(IAA)、耐盐以及溶磷的特性.在液体培养条件下该菌株产IAA高达112 mg/L,在90 g/kg盐含量的培养基中仍能够正常生长且具有较强的溶解矿物磷能力.同时该菌对酸碱具有良好的适应性,在初始pH4～10的LB培养基中生长良好.种子发芽试验表明在3 g/kg和6 g/kg浓度NaC1的逆境条件下,该菌株能显著提高高羊茅种子的发芽率和芽长.最后,通过对其进行生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析,该菌株初步鉴定为克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiellasp.).     

Effect of Catch Cropping on Phosphorus Bioavailability in Comparison to Organic and Inorganic Fertilization

ABSTRACT

Phosphorus (P) is a limited resource and its efficient use is a main task in sustainable agriculture. In a 3-year field experiment the effects of catch cropping [oil radish (Raphanus sativus), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), serradella (Ornithopus sativus), ryegrass (Lolium westerwoldicum), and phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia)] of organic fertilization (cattle manure and biowaste compost) and of inorganic fertilization (Triple-Superphosphate) on plant and soil parameters were investigated on a P-poor loamy sand in Northeast Germany. The catch crops were sown in September and remained on the plots until next spring. Then the main crops oilseed rape (Brassica napus), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare), or spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) were cultivated. The yield and P uptake of the main crops were determined. Furthermore, in the soil the organic matter content, pH, phosphorus (P) in soil solution (Psol), double-lactate and oxalate P content, P sorption capacity, and degree of P saturation were measured. All applied forms of fertilizer affected the P contents in soil and the yields and P uptakes of main crops. For green fertilization especially phacelia was found to contribute to the P supply of the main crops, since it increased the P uptake as well as the P contents in soil significantly. The cultivation of ryegrass led to a reduction of the P availability in soil. For example, in average of the three years the Psol content was 0.35 mg L^{? 1}when phacelia was cultivated and 0.22 mg L^{? 1} when ryegrass was cultivated. The cultivation of phacelia had a comparable effect on soil and plant parameters as the organic and mineral fertilization. An improved P availability and P utilization by catch cropping can reduce the need for external P input which may help to save the limited P resources worldwide.     

Modeling soil metabolic processes using isotopologue pairs of position-specific C-labeled glucose and pyruvate

Most organic carbon (C) in soils eventually turns into CO₂ after passing through microbial metabolic pathways, while providing cells with energy and biosynthetic precursors. Therefore, detailed insight into these metabolic processes may help elucidate mechanisms of soil C cycling processes. Here, we describe a modeling approach to quantify the C flux through metabolic pathways by adding 1-¹³C and 2,3-¹³C pyruvate and 1-¹³C and U-¹³C glucose as metabolic tracers to intact soil microbial communities. The model calculates, assuming steady-state conditions and glucose as the only substrate, the reaction rates through glycolysis, Krebs cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, anaplerotic activity through pyruvate carboxylase, and various biosynthesis reactions. The model assumes a known and constant microbial proportional precursor demand, estimated from literature data. The model is parameterized with experimentally determined ratios of ¹³CO₂ production from pyruvate and glucose isotopologue pairs. Model sensitivity analysis shows that metabolic flux patterns are especially responsive to changes in experimentally determined ¹³CO₂ ratios from pyruvate and glucose. Calculated fluxes are far less sensitive to assumptions concerning microbial chemical and community composition. The calculated metabolic flux pattern for a young volcanic soil indicates significant pentose phosphate pathway activity in excess of pentose precursor demand and significant anaplerotic activity. These C flux patterns can be used to calculate C use efficiency, energy production and consumption for growth and maintenance purposes, substrate consumption, nitrogen demand, oxygen consumption, and microbial C isotope composition. The metabolic labeling and modeling methods may improve our ability to study the biochemistry and ecophysiology of intact and undisturbed soil microbial communities.     

Recovery of phosphorus fertilizer in potato as affected by application strategy and soil type

Phosphorus (P) fertilizers are usually supplied prior to or at planting of potato even though most P is taken up 40 to 80 d after emergence. This may lead to inefficient P use as a result of P leaching or fixation in the soil. This study evaluates the effects of split P application at multiple times during the growth period according to the plant's need for P. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Ditta) was grown in pots in climate chambers, and radioactive ³²P isotope was used to distinguish between the fertilizer and soil‐derived P sources. Two soils were tested in combination with five application rates of P, and the plants were harvested at four dates. The results show that the recovery of P fertilizer can be significantly enhanced if the P supply is split. The result also showed that the proportion of soil‐derived P, accumulated in the plant, was significantly reduced both when more fertilizer P was applied to the soil and when P supply was split into several applications. The positive effects of multiple P applications on the P recovery were greatest in the soil with low P status and low buffer capacity.     

自生固氮菌对土壤钾的活化作用

以土壤为钾源,通过液培试验研究了5株自生固氮菌(Azotobacter sp.)对土壤钾的活化作用。结果表明,自生固氮菌能分泌大量的氢离子,大幅度降低培养液p H,使氢离子浓度提高40倍以上。自生固氮菌分泌有机酸的种类与数量因菌株不同而异,这些有机酸包括甲酸、乙酸、草酸、丁二酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸和乳酸等。其中,全部供试菌株均能分泌草酸和苹果酸。在自生固氮菌的培养液中,钾浓度显著高于未接种的培养液,但土壤矿物结构钾则显著降低。由于土壤是培养液钾的唯一来源,说明自生固氮菌可促进土壤矿物钾溶解。相关分析表明,土壤矿物结构钾与自生固氮菌的有机酸分泌总量呈显著负相关(r=-0.845*,n=6),与培养液p H呈显著正相关(r=0.702*,n=6),说明自生固氮菌分泌的有机酸和氢离子可能溶解土壤矿物钾。考虑到自生固氮菌的草酸分泌量最大,络合钙、镁、铁、铝的能力最强,且与有机酸分泌总量呈极显著正相关(r=0.990**,n=6),推测草酸的分泌在活化土壤无效钾的过程中起重要作用。接种自生固氮菌显著降低土壤无效钾,活化能力因菌株不同而异,其原因可能与有机酸分泌的数量和种类有关。     

根－土界面区域磷酸盐的分布和移动: Ⅱ. 土壤水分含量和磷酸盐施用量的影响

The phosphate in the soil-root interface zone under various soil water contents and application rates of phosphate was still of depletion distribution which could be described by a power function in the form of C/Co= ax^b(C/Co is the relative content of fertilized phosphate in a distance from the root surface x, a and b are the regression constants). The depletion rate of phosphate in soil near the root surface was higher and the depletion range was narrower under lower soil moisture. On the contrary, at higher soil water content the depletion range was wider, generally. The application rate of phosphate led to the greater depletion intensity of phosphorus was higher in the heavier texture soils. In general, the depletion intensity in the soils, which decreased with increasing clay content or increasing buffering power of soil, decreased in the order as loessal soil and black lou soil > lou soil > yellow cinnamon soil when 50 or 100 mg of phosphorus were applied in the form of KH₂PO₄. This result indicated that the phosphate distribution and its movement in the soil-root interface zone closely related with the buffering capacity of soil.     

华北平原农田生态系统钾平衡研究

华北平原大部分农田土壤发育在黄河冲积物母质上,矿物钾含量较高,在当前中低产农田中,尤其在有一定秸秆还田的条件下,施用化肥钾增产效果不显著,过多施钾会出现“奢侈性消耗”。在高产条件下,适当施钾对增产仍有一定作用。农田生态系统钾平衡研究对作物生产有重要意义。本文通过3年试验探讨了华北平原农田钾平衡和供钾能力。     

Making modern agriculture sustainable: Fam research network on agroecosystems

All forms of agriculture cause changes in the balances and fluxes of preexisting ecosystems, thereby limiting self-regulatory ecosystem (resiliency) functions. The intensive agriculture of the past, with its strong reduction of landscape structures and vast decoupling of energy and matter cycles, has caused stress and degradation of the production base; massive influence has also been exerted on neighboring compartments. This has resulted in the well known problems of pesticide loads, high phosphate loads to surface waters via over-fertilized soils or erosion as such. To overcome the economic, social and political inadequacies leading to ecological degradation, the demand for sustainable agricultural management needs to be transposed into knowledge-based practical instructions and political regulations on a regional scale. Thus, applied research for a sustainable and ecologically compatible land use aimed at sufficient food production is ever so important. In the FAM, thirty German research institutes have merged to perform research on this topic.     

Phytolith‐associated potassium in fern: characterization,dissolution properties and implications for slash‐and‐burn agriculture

In recent time, phytoliths (silicon deposition between plant cells) have been recognized as an important nutrient source for crops. The work presented here aims at highlighting the potential of phytolith‐occluded K pool in ferns. Dicranopteris linearis (D. linearis ) is a common fern in the humid subtropical and tropical regions. Burning of the fern D. linearis is, in slash‐and‐burn regions, a common practice to prepare the soil before planting. We characterised the phytolith‐rich ash derived from the fern D. linearis and phytolith‐associated potassium (K) (phytK), using X‐ray tomographic microscopy in combination with kinetic batch experiments. D. linearis contains up to 3.9 g K/kg d.wt, including K subcompartmented in phytoliths. X‐ray tomographic microscopy visualized an interembedding structure between organic matter and silica, particularly in leaves. Corelease of K and Si observed in the batch experiments confirmed that the dissolution of ash phytoliths is one of major factors controlling K release. Under heat treatment, a part of the K is made available, while the remainder entrapped into phytoliths (ca. 2.0–3.3%) is unavailable until the phytoliths are dissolved. By enhanced removal of organic phases, or forming more stable silica phases, heat treatment changes dissolution properties of the phytoliths, affecting K release for crops and soils. The maximum releases of soluble K and Si were observed for the phytoliths treated at 500–800 °C. For quantitative approaches for the K provision of plants from the soil phytK pool in soils, factors regulating phytolith dissolution rate have to be considered.     

启动磷肥不同施用方式对玉米养分吸收及生长和产量的影响

为了探索启动磷肥不同施用方式对玉米生长和产量的影响,设置启动磷肥大田滴施(T1)、穴施(T2)和不施启动磷肥(CK)3个施肥处理,其中启动肥磷肥用量为P₂O₅ 30 kg·hm^-2,探究启动磷肥不同施用方式对玉米生长、养分分配和产量构成的影响;设置启动磷肥根箱土壤滴施(P1)、穴施(P2)和不施启动肥(CF)3个处理,其中启动肥磷肥用量为P₂O₅ 0.2 g·kg^-1土,探究启动磷肥施用后土壤中磷素的空间分布与迁移效果。结果表明,玉米四叶期和六叶期,T1和T2处理均显著增加了苗期玉米总根长,根表面积,地上、地下部生物量和N、P、K养分积累量。在六叶期,T1和T2处理玉米总根长较CK分别增加了21.10%和30.35%,根系表面积分别增加了23.48%和29.20%,地上和地下部生物量分别增加了31.24%和52.38%、33.61%和57.81%。与CK相比,T1和T2处理促进了玉米N、P、K养分的积累,同时促进了养分由营养器官向生殖器官的转移。在玉米吐丝期至成熟期,T1和T2处理玉米N、P、K养分转移量较CK分别增加了29.75和44.73 kg·hm^-2、10.76和14.65 kg·hm^-2、2.20和24.67 kg·hm^-2。玉米穗长、行粒数、产量和磷肥偏生产力均表现为T2>T1>CK,玉米穗秃尖长度表现为T2相似文献