MAP18参与ABA调控拟南芥花粉生长的研究

[目的]探讨微管结合蛋白MAP18在ABA调控拟南芥花粉生长中的作用,为进一步深入研究植物的极性发育模式提供线索。[方法]以拟南芥野生型(生态型Columbia,Col-0)及相关突变体花粉为试验材料,进行遗传学和药理学分析,研究花粉萌发和花粉管生长的调控因子。[结果]内源和外源ABA均显著抑制拟南芥花粉的萌发,但内源ABA对萌发的花粉管有促进伸长的作用。遗传学证据表明,微管结合蛋白MAP18过表达植株的花粉对ABA表现超敏感,而RNAi沉默株的花粉对ABA则表现出脱敏感现象,显示MAP18蛋白参与了ABA对花粉萌发及花粉管生长的调控过程。[结论]该试验结果为研究花粉萌发与花粉管生长调控模式提供了线索。     

柿属部分品种杂交亲和性以及结实性的研究

 以柿属中柿种的5个品种和美洲柿种的1个品种为母本,柿种的4个雄株为父本进行杂交,研究结实特性。通过离体培养法比较雄株的花粉活力,利用荧光显微镜观察不同杂交组合花粉与柱头的亲和性,统计其亲和指数和坐果率。4个雄株花粉活力大小依次为‘杂3-2’>‘禅寺丸’>‘杂4-2’>‘正月’;在24个杂交组合中亲和性最高的是‘新昌牛心柿’ב杂3-2’组合,亲和指数为1.30,坐果率为73.88%,亲和性最低的是‘美洲柿’ב正月’组合,亲和指数为0.03,坐果率为17.22%。‘磨盘柿’、‘新昌牛心柿’存在真单性结实和刺激性单性结实现象,‘花县大红柿’为真单性结实,‘美洲柿’、‘若杉次郎’和‘帽盔柿’为假单性结实。柿种间杂交亲和性小于种内杂交亲和性,同种内不同品种间杂交亲和性与坐果率也存在着差异,且亲和指数与坐果率密切相关。     

温度对不同类型甜瓜花粉萌发率的影响

在不同温度条件下,对不同类型甜瓜花粉进行离体培养研究,结果表明,不同类型甜瓜花粉间存在较大差异,在较低萌发温度下,薄皮类型花粉萌发率平均值最高,中间类型次之,厚皮类型最小;3个类型甜瓜花粉平均萌发率随萌发温度的升高而增加,25℃为最大,随后降低。12℃时不同类型甜瓜花粉平均萌发率差异最大,可作为不同类型甜瓜花粉萌发的选择温度。     

Dogs on the catwalk: Modelling re-introduction and translocation of endangered wild dogs in South Africa

In South Africa, a plan was launched to manage separate sub-populations of endangered African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in several small, geographically isolated conservation areas as a single meta-population. This intensive management approach involves the re-introduction of wild dogs into suitable conservation areas and periodic translocations among them. Despite the initial failures and high costs associated with wild dog re-introductions and translocations, there is no predictive framework available to quantify which management protocol is the most efficient. We therefore developed an individual-based model of wild dog population and pack dynamics, which accounts for the wild dogs’ social complexity. The model appeared to capture the essential characteristics of a real wild dog population from Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, South Africa and to be relatively robust to parameter uncertainty, suggesting that the model is valid enough for addressing management problems. The model enabled us to quantify a critical initial number of packs (two) and individuals per pack (six) necessary for a re-introduced wild dog population to establish itself in the release area. We also found a practically feasible intervention regime at which a re-introduced wild dog population had the best chance of persistence: intermittently adding packs (at least every 6 years) and harvesting disperser groups (as often as every 4 years) for translocation to other release sites, without threatening the small source population. This study demonstrates that individual-based models can be a powerful decision-support tool in re-introduction planning and provides insight into how populations made up of social groups have dynamics, and ultimately persistence, determined by individual behaviour.     

Captive breeding genetics and reintroduction success

Since threatened species are generally incapable of surviving in their current, altered natural environments, many conservation programs require to preserve them through ex situ conservation techniques prior to their reintroduction into the wild. Captive breeding provides species with a benign and stable environment but has the side effect to induce significant evolutionary changes in ways that compromise fitness in natural environments. I developed a model integrating both demographic and genetic processes to simulate a captive-wild population system. The model was used to examine the effect of the relaxation of selection in captivity on the viability of the reintroduced population, in interaction with the reintroduction method and various species characteristics. Results indicate that the duration of the reintroduction project (i.e., time from the foundation of the captive population to the last release event) is the most important determinant of reintroduction success. Success is generally maximized for intermediate project duration allowing to release a sufficient number of individuals, while maintaining the number of generations of relaxed selection to an acceptable level. In cases where a long residence time in captivity cannot be avoided, the use of distinct, genetically independent captive breeding units allows more efficient purging of the genetic load in the reintroduced population, and substantially improves its viability. Overall, the study allows to identify situations in which the genetic cost associated with selection relaxation may overwhelm the demographic benefits of programs.     

不同镍盐对果树花粉萌发及花粉管生长的影响

以桃和杏不同品种为试材,研究不同镍（Ni2+）盐（氯化镍、硝酸镍、硫酸镍）处理对果树花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响。结果表明,较低浓度的Ni2+盐可以明显促进果树花粉萌发和花粉管的伸长生长;浓度较高时则明显产生抑制作用,且3种Ni2+盐表现规律一致。桃品种花粉萌发的适宜浓度为Ni2+ 4～6 mol/L;杏品种花粉萌发的适宜浓度为2 mol/L。其作用效应能力大小因Ni2+盐种类、浓度和果树品种而异。表明镍肥在果树上应用是有益的。     

13个牡丹品种花粉形态及萌发率比较

采用扫描电子显微镜,比较了13个牡丹品种的花粉形状、大小、外壁纹饰及萌发沟等。采用离体培养法,分析比较了13个品种的花粉萌发率。结果表明:13个牡丹品种的花粉有较明显的多样性,赤道面观有近球形和长球形,极面观有三裂圆形和三裂三角形。花粉均具三拟孔沟,外壁纹饰形态多样,有小穴状、穴状、网状、穴网状。‘百花娇’花粉萌发率最高(67.70%),‘洛阳红’萌发率最差(19.43%)。     

Assessment of viable conidia of Monilinia fructicola in flower and stone fruit combining propidium monoazide (PMA) and qPCR

Brown rot is the most economically important fungal disease of stone fruits and is primarily caused by Monilinia laxa and M. fructicola. Conventional methods used to identify M. fructicola are mainly based on phenotypic characteristics and pathogen quantification is not always accurate. In contrast, methodologies based on molecular tools improve pathogen characterization and identification but are not able to differentiate between live and dead conidia. In this study the PMA‐qPCR methodology was optimized, validated and applied to quantify viable cells of M. fructicola in artificially and naturally infected samples. qPCR methodology showed good primer efficiency and sensitivity with quantification limits lower than obtained using a plate count method. The conditions of propidium monoazide (PMA) pretreatment were 60 μm PMA for 20 min incubation and 30 min of light‐emitting diode (LED) exposure that, combined with qPCR, measured live cells accurately without overestimation of dead cells. Using this methodology in naturally infected samples, M. fructicola live cells were quantified specifically, in contrast to other traditional methodologies that cannot distinguish among Monilinia spp. The developed methodology based on combined PMA‐qPCR will be a new tool to quantify viable M. fructicola in further epidemiological and ecological studies of this fungus.     

不同活力花粉与其内含物及水分含量变化及相关性

【目的】研究花粉内含物的变化与花粉活力之间的关系。【方法】在4℃下贮藏砀山梨花粉,离体萌发法测定花粉活力,近红外光谱仪测定花粉的蛋白质、脂肪、硫甙、水分含量。【结果】随着花粉活力的下降,花粉中总蛋白质含量的增加,总脂肪含量呈锯齿状,硫甙含量呈锯齿状,含水量呈上升趋势。花粉活力与脂肪、硫甙、含水量与蛋白质之间有相互关系,花粉活力与脂肪r为0.623^**,花粉活力与硫甙r为0.813^**;花粉活力与含水量r为-0.886^**,花粉活力与蛋白质r为-0.807^**。【结论】脂肪、硫甙与花粉活力正相关,含水量、蛋白质与花粉活力呈负相关,花粉储藏应干燥以降低花粉呼吸代谢。     

暗紫贝母花器官特征及有性繁育系统研究

采用田间试验与显微镜检相结合的方法,对漳县人工栽培的暗紫贝母花器构造和传粉生物学进行研究,旨在揭示其花器官特征和有性繁育系统,为暗紫贝母的育种提供科学依据。结果表明,经鳞茎播种栽培3年的暗紫贝母植株单花顶生,偶见2花,花两性,初现花蕾绿色,花暗紫色,有淡黄色格纹,开花期5-6月,单花寿命6~8 d,花钟形,同被花,花被6,2轮,离生雄蕊6枚,5枚紧围雌蕊,1枚外围,子房上位,柱头3裂,短裂片外露,毛状有分泌物。开花前柱头高于雄蕊,开放后雄蕊高出柱头,开花当天花粉量最大,活力最高并维持3 d时间。花被长1.5 cm的绿蕾柱头已具较强可受性。花药开裂与强柱头可受性同步,但后者持续期更长(6 d以上)。单花花粉数约6000粒、胚珠数在160颗以上,花粉胚珠比(P/O)37.5,杂交指数(OCI)为4。传粉媒介为风媒和虫媒,访花者为蜂类、蝇类和蜘蛛,但数量极少,有性繁育系统应属于部分自交亲和,异交,需要传粉者。