Effects of different soil management practices on total P and Olsen-P sediment loss: A field rainfall simulation study

Field rainfall simulations were conducted in 2002 and 2005 to study the effects of different soil management practices on the total phosphorous (TP) and Olsen-P losses by soil erosion and redistribution along a 15 m long slope in Luoyang, Henan province, China. Field plots were set up in 2001 and included the following soil management practices: subsoiling with mulch (SSM), no-till with mulch (NTM), reduced tillage (RT), and a conventional tillage control (CT). The results showed that there were no significant differences in TP and Olsen-P content in the sediment load between different plots after 6 years uniform tillage practices. The enrichment of TP and Olsen-P at the lower slope showed a clear redistribution along the slope. Effects of tillage practices on the temporal pattern of the enrichment ratio (ER) of TP and Olsen-P was not uniform. ER_TP values were initially high and diminished after a short period of time and leveled to the end of the rainfall test in CT and RT plots, but remained ≥ 1. The ER of Olsen-P at the end of rainfall simulation showed a significant difference when compared to the initial stage, 0.78 to 1.60, respectively. However, the temporal loss rate of TP and Olsen-P showed a similar pattern because it was more depending on the sediment loss rate than on the concentration in the sediment. SSM resulted in 96% less TP and Olsen-P erosion loss compared to CT in 2002. Also, SSM showed the highest reduction in TP and Olsen-P loss after 4 years consistent practice. RT reduced TP and Olsen-P loss by 30%, although the runoff reduction was not significant. NTM was the best alternative with respect to TP and Olsen-P conservation, when considering its lower operational costs.     

气候因子和地表覆盖对沿海滩涂土壤盐分动态的影响

为探明气候因子对沿海滩涂表层土壤盐分季节性变化规律的影响,并探讨植被和秸秆覆盖对滩涂土壤脱盐效果及控盐的作用。2014年5月—2015年5月,在江苏沿海滩涂盐碱地(中重度盐分),设置4种处理进行田间试验,分别为对照(裸地,CK)、秸秆覆盖(覆盖量为15 t·hm-2,SM)、植被覆盖(PC)和植被+秸秆覆盖(覆盖量为7.5 t·hm-2,PC+1/2SM),监测了气候因子和表层土壤盐分的季节性动态变化。结果表明:1)在沿海滩涂裸地中,土壤盐分具有一定程度的季节性规律,表现为在10—12月具有明显的积盐效果,且在10月EC1︰5达到最大值为3.90 d S·m-1。2)相关分析表明:采样前7 d降雨累积量与土壤盐分变化有着极密切负相关关系;气候因子的多因子及互作逐步分析表明:降雨量增加可以促进土壤脱盐作用,大气温度升高可加剧土壤盐分表聚,降雨量和大气温度的互作效应增加会对土壤盐分累积产生正效应。3)地表覆盖(包括PC和SM)显著地改变了气候因子对土壤盐分动态变化的影响,累积降雨量和大气平均温度与土壤盐分无显著相关性,且大量秸秆覆盖对滩涂表层土壤脱盐具有更明显的效果。因此,在沿海气候向暖湿方向发展的趋势下,综合考虑脱盐及控盐作用,选择适量秸秆覆盖(如覆盖量15 t·hm-2)或适量秸秆覆盖结合植被种植覆盖,同时充分利用沿海地区降雨量集中的特点,可能是未来滩涂盐碱盐渍土快速脱盐和土壤改良的重要措施。     

Actinomycetes in organic mulch used in avocado plantations and their ability to suppress Phytophthora cinnamomi

Actinomycetes isolated from the organic mulch used in avocado plantations in Western Australia were studied to examine their ability to suppress Phytophthora cinnamomi. All the 1600 isolates tested inhibited the pathogen in vitro with inhibition rates of >0.5. The inhibition rates achieved by actinomycetes isolated from fresh and pathogen-infested mulch were not significantly different, but the isolates tested differed in their ability to suppress the pathogen and/or the disease. Some of the isolates that inhibited the pathogen were also harmful to plant growth.     

吊篮式裸根棉苗膜上移栽机的设计

针对新疆地区棉花种植采用滴灌加铺膜的种植模式,设计了一种吊篮式裸根棉苗膜上移栽机。该机的覆土滚筒可将大小不等的土块分离开,在膜面上形成移栽用碎土道,碎土道上的土通过滑板上帆布拨片的拨动进入吊篮内部,避免了裸根棉苗在移栽时的倾倒,保证了移栽质量。试验表明,在移栽单体上有4个吊篮的情况下,作业速度为1.2~1.65 km/h时,栽植质量比较稳定,栽植率大于95%,栽植深度均匀,覆土厚度稳定。     

铺膜垫底旱作对水稻株高及分蘖的影响

研究铺膜垫底后水稻株高与分蘖动态的变化规律,可为该项技术的完善以及相关研究的开展提供理论依据。2007年在华南农业大学农学院教学实验农场,以杂交稻(培杂泰丰)和常规稻(桂香占)为试验材料,研究了常规水作(CK)、常规旱作、铺膜垫底旱作3个处理条件下水稻株高和分蘖的变化。结果表明:铺膜垫底旱作能缓解常规旱作引起的水稻株高的降低程度,并能提高2个水稻品种的有效分蘖比例。与常规水作处理相比,铺膜垫底旱作对水稻株高及分蘖的影响差异均不显著。     

休闲期深翻覆盖配施氮磷肥对旱地小麦群体动态、叶面积的影响及其与产量的相关性

采用大田试验方法,研究了休闲期深翻覆盖配施氮磷肥对旱地小麦群体动态、叶面积的变化及其与产量相关性的影响。结果表明,氮磷比为1∶0.5和1∶0.75时,增加施氮量可提高各生育期群体茎数、单株叶面积及成穗率,可显著提高可育小穗数、干物质量,降低不可育小穗数,从而提高穗数、穗粒数及产量;施氮量为150 kg/hm2时,增加施磷量可提高各生育期群体茎数、单株叶面积及成穗率,可显著提高可育小穗数、干物质量,可提高产量及其构成因素,其中,氮磷比为1∶1较1∶0.5提高成穗率13.10%,从而提高穗数22.7%,提高穗粒数3.79%,提高产量18.92%;施氮量为180 kg/hm2时,各生育期群体茎数、单株叶面积、成穗率、穗长、可育小穗数、不可育小穗数、干物质量以氮磷比为1∶0.75最高,1∶1居中,1∶0.5最低,其中,氮磷比为1∶0.75较1∶0.5提高成穗率11.43%,提高穗数19.35%,提高穗粒数4.95%,提高产量17.31%;施氮量为180 kg/hm2时,氮磷比为1∶0.75对各生育期群体茎数、叶面积、成熟期农艺性状、产量及其构成因素的影响较施氮量为150 kg/hm2、氮磷比为1∶1时效果更好。相关分析表明,各生育期群体茎数与穗数、穗粒数密切相关,且与穗数关系更密切;生育中后期单株叶面积与穗数、穗粒数相关较密切,且与穗数关系更密切。总之,休闲期深翻覆盖配施氮肥180 kg/hm2、氮磷比为1∶0.75时更有利于促进群体有效分蘖,提高成穗率;有利于提高叶面积,从而提高干物质量;有利于提高穗数、穗粒数,最终提高产量。     

不同灌溉定额对膜下滴灌水稻耗水特征及水分生产效率的影响

【目的】研究膜下滴灌水稻不同水分处理对耗水特征和水分生产效率的影响。【方法】2017年设置5个灌溉定额,对比分析不同水分处理下水稻产量、各生育期耗水量。【结果】W₅处理(灌溉定额910.00 mm)的水稻产量比其他处理分别增加21.95%~458.43%。膜下滴灌水稻全生育期5个水分处理的耗水强度分别为3.75~7.14 mm/d。随着灌水量减少叶面积衰减指数逐渐增大,叶片表现出早衰特征,株高受到灌水量抑制。W₅处理与其他处理水分生产率相比分别提高7.61%~193.06%。生育阶段耗水强度变化规律为拔节孕穗期＞抽穗扬花期＞灌浆期＞分蘖期＞成熟期＞苗期。【结论】水稻全生育期适宜灌溉定额910.00 mm,在拔节孕穗期、分蘖期2个关键需水期,满足水稻水分需求。     

日光温室对土壤动物群落的影响

对山东青州蔬菜种植区内栽培年限分别为1、3、5、7、9年和已废弃1、3年的日光温室及农田中土壤动物进行了为期一年的调查,结果表明,日光温室长期应用有使动物类群数减少、密度降低、多样性指数变小的趋势,温室废弃3年后,土壤动物群落结构可自行调整恢复。     

生物全降解地膜的降解过程及其对玉米生长的影响

生物全降解地膜可以有效解决白色污染问题,试验研究了生物全降解地膜的降解过程及其对玉米生长的影响.结果表明:生物全降解地膜的降解过程由破孔出现开始,然后逐渐变大并出现裂口,到作物收获时,暴露在地表的地膜大量破碎成小块;扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察表明:田间降解170 d后,生物全降解降解地膜表面开始出现大小不等的孔洞;生物全降解地膜在玉米生长前期保温、保水的效果显著,到中后期增温作用不明显;覆盖生物全降解地膜具有极显著增产效果,与普通地膜之间差异不显著.     

不同施肥处理对大棚黄瓜产量和品质的影响

以津春4号黄瓜为试材,采用田间试验方法研究了中等土壤肥力条件下,不同施肥水平对春大棚黄瓜产量及品质的影响.结果表明,所有施肥处理小区黄瓜产量和果实中维生素C、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖及硝酸盐含量等均明显高于对照,并且随着施肥水平的提高而提高,但肥水过剩的条件下,黄瓜产量和品质又呈下降趋势.综合黄瓜品质及产量两个因素,中等土壤肥力的塑料大棚黄瓜春季栽培中,推荐最佳施肥量为大约每公顷施干牛粪58 500 kg,N 487.84 kg,P2O5305.47 kg,K2O 318.02 kg.