Generalized and Specific State-and-Transition Models to Guide Management and Restoration of Caldenal Forests

Management impacts and natural events can produce ecosystem state changes that are difficult to reverse. In such cases, a detailed understanding of drivers, thresholds, and feedback mechanisms are needed to design restoration interventions. The Caldenal ecoregion in central Argentina has undergone widespread state change, and restoration is urgently needed, but as yet there has been no knowledge synthesis to support restoration actions. In this paper, we provide evidence-based guidelines for ecological restoration of the Caldenal forest derived from a general to local conceptual understanding of ecosystem dynamics. We develop a Caldenal forest state transition model based on a generalized fire-mediated savanna-woodland transition model. The generalized model depicts global similarities in fire-grass feedback loops as a primary factor controlling savanna to woodland transition (thicketization) in semiarid savannas around the world. An open forest is considered to be the reference state of the Caldenal that developed under a historical regime of frequent low-intensity fire. The introduction of large livestock herds in the region disrupted the positive fire-grass feedback loop and increased dispersal and recruitment of Prosopis caldenia, creating conditions for thicketization of the forest. Controlled, low-intensity fire can be used to build the resilience of an open forest state. Restoring open forest states from woodland states requires a large-scale selective thinning and pruning operation. Long-term restoration requires breaking the positive livestock-thicketization ? high-intensity fire feedback and reestablishing the positive grass-low intensity fire feedback to ensure the persistence of a restored open forest state.     

分布式数据检索系统的设计与实现

提出了一套对非结构化数据进行分析和检索系统的设计方案.采用分布式技术在windows平台上建立了一套以任务分发服务器为中心,运算终端为任务处理单元,带有反馈和容错机制的分布式数据检索系统.在给出系统模型和设计思想基础上,对各个功能部件进行了模块化设计,并对各模块故障进行了测试.结果表明,系统能够在部分模块出错的情况下稳定运行,能够满足在实际工作中的需求.     

基于期望特性的变结构鲁棒控制器

提出了一种基于期望特性的变结构新型鲁棒控制器的设计方法。该方法融合了状态反馈和变结构控制的特点，所设计的系统具有响应过程的完全鲁棒性，直流伺服系统的仿真实例验证了该方法的有效性。     

Service Gated Discrete-time Polling System with Bernoulli Feedback

This paper analyzes asymmetric limited gated service polling system with Bernoulli feedback. By the imbedded Markov chain theory and the probability generating function method,The authors derive the generating function of intervisit time , polling cycle time , service time of each station and queue length in the each station .Furthermore , the successive sojourn time of customer C in ith station (i=1,2,...N) and queue length after the (m-1)th service are obtained.     

Expression of genes related to corticotropin production and glucocorticoid feedback in corticotroph adenomas of dogs with Cushing's disease

Cushing's disease caused by pituitary corticotroph adenoma is a common endocrine disease in dogs. A characteristic biochemical feature of corticotroph adenomas is their relative resistance to negative feedback by glucocorticoids. In this study, we examined gene expression related to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production and secretion, and the negative feedback by glucocorticoids in canine corticotroph adenoma. We used resected corticotroph adenomas from 10 dogs with Cushing's disease. In order to investigate the alteration of gene expression between corticotroph adenoma and normal corticotrophic cells, ACTH-positive cells in the anterior lobe were microdissected using a laser-capture microdissection system, and mRNA levels of proopiomelanocortin (POMC), corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), and 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11HSD) type 1 and type 2 were determined using real-time RT-PCR. POMC, CRHR1, and 11HSD2 mRNA levels in corticotroph adenoma were greater than those in normal corticotrophic cells (POMC, 5.5-fold; CRHR1, 4.9-fold; 11HSD2, 4.2-fold, P<0.01, respectively). MR and 11HSD1 mRNA levels in corticotroph adenoma were lower than those in normal corticotrophic cells (MR, 2.2-fold; 11HSD1, 2.9-fold, P<0.01, respectively). GR mRNA levels did not differ between corticotroph adenoma and normal corticotrophic cells. Our results may help to understand the increased ACTH production and the resistance to negative feedback suppression by glucocorticoids in canine corticotroph adenomas. These changes in gene expression may have a role in the growth of canine corticotroph adenoma, and help elucidate the pathophysiology of dogs with Cushing's disease.     

Tree species effects on soil enzyme activities through effects on soil physicochemical and microbial properties in a tropical montane forest on Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo

Tree species influence on the soil mineralization process can regulate overall nutrient cycling in a forest ecosystem, which may occur through their effects on substrate quality, soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial community. We investigated tree species effects on soil enzyme activities in a tropical montane forest on Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo. Specifically, we analyzed C- and P-degrading enzyme activities, as well as the relationships among the enzyme activities, soil physicochemical properties, substrate quality (C, N, and P concentrations), and microbial composition in the top 5 cm soils beneath conifers (Dacrycarpus imbricatus and Dacrydium gracilis) and broadleaves (Lithocarpus clementianus, Palaquium rioence, and Tristaniopsis clementis). Activities of acid phosphatase and β-d-glucosidase were significantly different among the tree species. Soil moisture, total C and N content and microbial lipid abundance (a proxy for microbial composition) could influence the enzyme activities although the relative contributions of microbial composition to the enzyme activities might be smaller. A higher acid phosphatase activity beneath Dacrydium than those beneath the other tree species can compensate for a lower concentration of P in available fractions beneath Dacrydium. This localized mineralization activity could subsequently influence soil nutrient availability in this forest.     

迭代反馈整定在电液伺服系统中的应用

迭代反馈整定（IFT）控制方法能够在未知系统模型的前提下,完成系统控制器的参数整定,使系统控制性能趋向优化。迭代反馈整定方法与传统PID控制器相结合,构成一种IFT—PID控制器,该控制器能够实现在线自整定。将该控制器应用到电液伺服系统中,结果表明,即使被控系统存在很强的非线性,该控制器也能够在外界扰动和系统工况发生变化时,完成控制器参数整定,使控制系统取得满意的控制效果。     

实体产品操纵舒适性定量测评研究

针对实体产品操纵舒适性难以定量评价的问题,从心理和生理角度对操纵机理进行分析,建立可量化的操纵反馈模型,提出操纵舒适性定义。建立关节与体节人体模型,提取连接关节的实际物理量,并生成相关曲线;以力平滑度指标为例,计算其操纵舒适性评分,采用客观逐次比较赋权法确定各指标权重,计算出操纵舒适性指数(I)。最后,构建实体产品操纵舒适性测评系统,并对具有两种操纵装置的典型实体产品进行实际测评,验证了该方法的实用性与有效性。     

系统动力学在温宿县畜牧业规划中的应用

本文在分析反馈机制的基础上,建立了温宿县畜牧业系统动力学模型;并借助模型,探讨了科学技术进步对该县畜牧业发展的影响,为规划该县1988～2000年畜牧业发展规模、发展速度和基本建设投资提供了一个满意方案。     

Positive feedback control by the gonads on gonadotropin (GTH) and gonadoliberin (GnRH) levels in experimentally matured female silver eels,Anguilla anguilla

Treatment of sham-operated female silver eels with carp pituitary extract stimulated ovarian development and induced increases in pituitary gonadotropin (GTH) and gonadoliberin (GnRH) contents. Both effects of carp pituitary extract were abolished in ovariectomized eels, indicating the involvement of the gonads. Endogenous sexual steroids, the secretion of which was increased during sexual maturation, should be responsible for the stimulation of GTH and GnRH levels. Ovariectomy itself had no significant effect on pituitary GTH and GnRH contents, reflecting the fact that, at the silver stage, sexual steroid levels are too low to exert any significant effect on pituitary GTH and GnRH. The positive feedback control exerted by the gonads on GTH and GnRH levels during sexual maturation, in the eel as well as in some other teleosts, would produce an amplification of the pubertal stimulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis.