复合酵母培养物对奶牛产奶性能、氮排放及血液生化指标的影响

为研究饲料中添加复合酵母培养物对奶牛产奶性能、氮排放及血液生化指标的影响,选取年龄、体重、产奶量及泌乳期相近(135±15) d的荷斯坦奶牛24头,随机分为4组,每个处理6个重复,对照组和3个试验组的复合酵母培养物添加量分别为精料浓度的0,0.8%,1.0%,1.2%,随精料饲喂,测定产奶量、乳成分、氮排放及血液生化指标,结果表明,1)试验2组日均产奶量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),各试验组分别比对照组提高8.48%,10.05%,8.97%。2)复合酵母培养物能显著提高乳脂和乳蛋白率(P<0.05),显著降低牛奶体细胞数(P<0.05),以试验2组最低。3)在氮排放量上,试验2组显著低于对照组(P<0.05),各试验组比对照组分别降低8.47%,12.01%,9.36%。4)在血液生化指标方面,复合酵母培养物能提高血清中总蛋白、球蛋白、血糖、胰岛素水平(P<0.05),降低尿素氮水平(P<0.05)。由此可见,本试验条件下,综合考虑产奶量、乳成分、氮排放及血液生化指标,复合酵母培养物的最佳添加量为精料浓度的1.0%。     

低盐胁迫对细角螺幼螺呼吸排泄的影响

为了评估细角螺苗种对低盐胁迫的耐受能力,将细角螺(Hemifusus ternatanus)幼螺养殖盐度自27逐渐降低至22、18和14,测定处理后不同时间细角螺幼螺的耗氧率和排氨率。结果显示,盐度27降至22后幼螺耗氧率先显著降低,在第二天升至对照组水平,此后略有波动但均与盐度27无显著差异;盐度降至18与对照组无显著性差异;盐度降至14,细角螺的耗氧率先有显著升高,后与对照组相比无显著差异。盐度从27降至22后,幼螺的排氨率在第一、第二天显著升高,其后逐渐降低,盐度自22降至18和14,排氨率呈先降低后升高的趋势。盐度22处理后幼螺的氧氮比先降低后升高,盐度18和14处理组先升高后逐渐降低,说明低盐胁迫影响细角螺幼螺能量物质分解代谢的比率,胁迫条件下幼螺以脂肪和碳水化合物为主要供能物质。实验结果表明,第一次低盐处理对幼螺呼吸排泄的影响较大,此后再逐渐降低盐度,幼螺具有一定的适应能力。本实验结果可为细角螺养殖和放流前盐度驯化提供参考。     

湖南省畜禽粪污排放量估算与环境效应

了解湖南省畜禽粪便及其污染物排泄情况,为畜禽养殖业污染物防控与治理提供依据。本论文以《2011湖南农村统计年鉴》中畜禽出栏数作为统计基数,根据畜禽粪便排放系数和粪污含量,估测了2011年湖南省畜禽粪污排泄情况。结果表明,2011年湖南省畜禽粪便产生总量为6680.29万t,COD 327.49万t,BOD 302.39万t,NH₃-N 26.04万t,总磷30.78万t,总氮64.45万t;畜禽粪便中重金属排泄量分别为Zn 3802.54 t,Cu 2772.43 t,Cr 335.67 t,Pb 265.06 t,Cd 51.11 t,Ni 240.60 t,As 47.63 t,Hg 2.16 t;2011年湖南省畜禽粪便发酵生产沼气总量约为572088万m³。畜禽养殖业粪污排泄量巨大,危害之大,应坚持减量化、无害化和资源化三原则,倡导畜牧健康养殖理念。     

Evaluation of feed utilization and growth performance of juvenile striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus fed diets with varying inclusion levels of corn gluten meal

A nutrition trial with striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) juveniles was undertaken to evaluate the effect of replacing dietary fishmeal (FM) protein with corn gluten meal (CGM). A diet with FM as the main protein source was used as the control diet (FM). Five experimental diets (approximately 320 g kg^?1 crude protein) were formulated to progressively replace 20% (CGM20), 40% (CGM40), 60% (CGM60), 80% (CGM80) and 100% (CGM100) of FM protein. Fifteen fish per tank (initial weight 11.2 ± 0.6 g) were randomly distributed into 18 80‐litre fibreglass tanks connected to a closed recirculation system (temperature 30.3 ± 1.0 °C). The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. The final weight and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed diets CGM20, CGM40 and CGM60 were not significantly different compared to fish fed the FM diet. Feed intake (FI) tended to decrease with increasing dietary CGM level. Striped catfish fed FM, CGM20 and CGM40 had significantly lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with fish fed CGM80 and CGM100 (P < 0.05). The protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed the CGM80 and CGM100 diets was significantly lower than those of all other treatments (P < 0.05). Total ammonia‐nitrogen (TAN) excretion increased with elevated dietary CGM inclusion. The viscerosomatic index (VSI) of fish fed the CGM80 and CGM100 diets were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of fish fed the other treatments. The crude lipid content in the final body composition of the striped catfish was elevated significantly with increasing dietary CGM levels. Fish fed the CGM80 and CGM100 diets displayed haematocrit levels significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those fed the other diets. The haemoglobin content in fish was significantly higher in fish fed CGM20 and lower at CGM100 compared to fish fed the FM diet. The results of the present trial indicated that the optimum level of FM protein replacement with CGM determined by quadratic regression analysis was 25.1% on the basis of maximum SGR.     

Partial replacement of fish meal with plant protein sources using organic acids to practical diets for juvenile yellowtail,Seriola quinqueradiata

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of phosphorus (P), citric acid (CA) and formic acid (FA) supplementation on growth and loading of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in juvenile yellowtail fed fish meal (FM) and alternate plant protein (APP) diets. Six diets designated as F49 (490 g kg^?1 FM‐based), F49 + P (490 g kg^?1 FM with 5 g kg^?1 inorganic P), F31 + CA (310 g kg^?1 FM containing 200 g kg^?1 APP with 5 g kg^?1 CA), F31 + FA (310 g kg^?1 FM having 200 g kg^?1 APP with 4 g kg^?1 FA), F23 + CA (230 g kg^?1 FM containing 300 g kg^?1 APP with 5 g kg^?1 CA) and F23 + FA (230 g kg^?1 FM having 300 g kg^?1 APP with 4 g kg^?1 FA) were formulated. Yellowtails were fed one of the diets for 12 weeks under on‐site conditions at water temperature 22.0–27.0 °C. F49 + P gave the best growth, while F23 + CA the lowest. Specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio of F31 + CA were similar with control group. Addition of CA to APP diets significantly increased retention of P; hence, its excretion was lowered. The results of this study suggest that FM could be replaced up to 70% with the addition of 5 g kg^?1 CA to a low P‐containing plant protein sources diet without inorganic P supplementation in juvenile yellowtail diets, which in turn would enable a reduction in environmental pollution from aquafeeds.     

Nutritional strategies to cope with reduced litter weight gain and total tract digestibility in lactating sows

Twelve lactating sows were used to evaluate the effects of reducing dietary crude protein (CP) (14% vs. 12%) and increasing neutral detergent fibre (NDF) levels (18% vs. 22%) on litter performance, total tract apparent digestibility and manure composition in a 4 × 4 latin square arrangement during a 36‐day lactation period. Diets were isoenergetic (2.9 Mcal ME/kg) and had similar total lysine content (0.9%). In addition, a second aim was to compare a reference external marker method (Cr₂O₃) with an internal feed marker [acid‐insoluble ash (AIA)] for the calculation of apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients in lactating sows. The reduction of dietary CP level in lactating sows had no effect on either live‐weight or backfat thickness or apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients. However, the piglets' average daily gain (ADG) was reduced in low dietary CP diets, which suggests that sows reduced milk production due to an underestimation of certain essential amino acid requirements (e.g. valine). The increase of dietary NDF level did not affect sow and litter performance. Nevertheless, the total tract apparent digestibility of organic matter, CP and carbohydrates was reduced, and ether extract digestion was increased in high NDF compared to normal NDF diets equally balanced for ME and lysine content. The coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients in lactating sows were greater when using AIA compared to Cr₂O₃ marker, regardless of dietary CP or NDF level, but their coefficients of variation were lower in the former than in the latter. In lactating sows, a trade‐off between litter performance and nutrient digestion is established when reducing dietary CP or increasing NDF levels while maintaining similar lysine content through synthetic amino acids and balancing metabolizable energy through dietary fat sources.     

温度对吉富罗非鱼呼吸的影响

在10-30℃条件下,测定呼吸室内吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus,GIFT)呼吸频率、水体溶解氧、pH、游离二氧化碳以及氨氮的变化。结果表明,吉富罗非鱼耗氧率(Y_cr)和排氨率(R_an)随着温度(t)的升高而增大,线性回归方程分别为Y_cr=0.0038t²-0.0023t+0.0312(R²=0.9549),及R_an=0.0009t²-0.0027t+0.0037(R²=0.9475);氨熵(Q_a)为0.065-0.099(<0.33),蛋白质供能比为5%~30%,表明吉富罗非鱼主要由脂肪和碳水化合物供能。当温度在15~30℃时,随着温度的降低,二氧化碳排放率从0.0684mg/(g·h)下降至0.0114mg/(g·h)。出水pH明显低于进水pH,且进出水口pH的降低幅度随温度升高而增大。试验期间,10~30℃的呼吸商(Q_r)为0.55±0.10(<1),吉富罗非鱼主要进行有氧呼吸。     

人工感染犬贾第虫包囊排出规律的观察

用犬贾第虫滋养体感染试验幼犬后进行粪便检查,结果表明,滋养体可以感染试验幼犬,且包囊排出规律呈间歇性,其间歇期为7～8 d,第3天开始排出包囊,排囊后第10天达到高峰期,高峰期持续3～4 d,在间歇期持续排出少量包囊。感染试验犬有腹泻,厌食,体重减轻等症状。     

尖紫蛤体质量和海水温度对其耗氧率和排氨率的影响

采用室内实验生态学方法对尖紫蛤的耗氧率和排氨率进行了研究.结果表明,在16 ～ 32℃时,尖紫蛤的耗氧率和排氨率与体质量呈负相关的幂函数关系,可分别表示为OR=aW-b和NR=cW-b,其中b的取值范围为0.488 ～0.874,平均值为0.620;a的取值范围为0.362 ～1.371;d的取值范围为0.454 ～0.747,平均值为0.591;c的取值范围为44.678 ～121.158.在16～32℃时,尖紫蛤的耗氧率和温度之间的关系可以用指数函数OR =c1ed1T表示,耗氧率随着温度的升高而增加,在32℃时达到峰值,当温度超过32℃时,耗氧率下降.在16 ～36℃时,尖紫蛤的排氨率和温度之间的关系可以用二次多项式NR=-c2 +d2T-d3T2表示,在28℃时排氨率达到峰值.尖紫蛤呼吸Q10值的范围为0.547～3.660,排泄Q10值的范围为0.235～2.515,水温对耗氧率和排氨率的影响均显著.尖紫蛤的呼吸氧原子数与排出的氨态氮原子之比O∶N值的范围为4.312 ～21.874,各种规格的尖紫蛤O∶N随温度的升高而升高.     

高丹草+箭筈豌豆混合饲粮对绵羊养分表观消化率和气体代谢的影响

本研究采用单因素完全随机设计,将12只体重相近、体况良好、6月龄的杂交公羊,随机分为两个处理,每个处理6只羊,分别饲喂两种饲粮[单一高丹草(Sorghum bicolor×S.sudanense)饲粮和高丹草与箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa)混合饲粮],分析了以高丹草饲粮为基础添加一定比例箭筈豌豆(高丹草∶箭筈豌豆=2∶1)对牧草表观消化率以及家畜产气的影响。结果表明:以高丹草+箭筈豌豆饲喂羔羊时干物质采食量、中性洗涤纤维和粗蛋白消化率显著高于高丹草组(P<0.05);干物质消化率和酸性洗涤纤维消化率无明显差异(P>0.05)。说明高丹草与箭筈豌豆组合改善饲粮的适口性,提高了饲草的表观消化率。