Effects of organic acids on growth and phosphorus utilization in red sea bream <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pagrus major</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   A feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of various organic acids and supplements on the growth, phosphorus (P) utilization, and environmental loading of nitrogen (N) and P in red sea bream Pagrus major. Seven diets designated as PA (0.5% inorganic P as Ca[H₂PO₄]₂), PO (no inorganic P), CA (1% citric acid), MA (1% malic acid), LA (1% lactic acid), MHA (1% methionine hydroxy analog) and LTE (1% liquid trace elements) were formulated. Duplicate groups of 25 fish were fed four times daily to near satiation for 75 days. Fish fed CA and LTE diets showed significantly better weight gain and feed conversion ratio compared to fish fed diet PO. Absorption of P was significantly improved in all organic acid-supplemented groups compared to the PA and PO groups. The P retention in CA and LTE groups were significantly higher compared to PA and PO diets. The P excretion was also significantly decreased in all organic acid-supplemented groups. Thus, use of organic acids, in particular CA and LTE, in red sea bream diets can reduce the use of inorganic phosphorus and contribute to the development of much-desired eco-friendly diets.     

Effects of temperature and salinity on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of juvenile miiuy croaker, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Miichthys miiuy</Emphasis> (Basilewsky)

The metabolic responses of the juvenile Miichthys miiuy in terms of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion to changes in temperature (6–25°C) and salinity (16–31 ppt) were investigated. At a constant salinity of 26 ppt, the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of the fish increased with an increase in temperature and ranged between 133.38 and 594.96 μg O₂ h⁻¹ g⁻¹ DW. The effect of temperature on OCR was significant (P < 0.01). Q₁₀ coefficients were 6.80, 1.41, 1.29 and 2.36 at temperatures of 6–10, 10–15, 15–20 and 20–25°C, respectively, suggesting that the juveniles of M. miiuy will be well adapted to the field temperature in the summer, but not in the winter. The ammonium excretion rates (AER) of the fish were also affected significantly by temperature (P < 0.01). The O:N ratio at temperatures of 6, 10, 15 and 20°C ranged from 13.12 to 20.91, which was indicative of a protein-dominated metabolism, whereas the O:N at a temperature of 25°C was 51.37, suggesting that protein-lipids were used as an energy substrate. At a constant temperature of 15°C, the OCRs of the fish ranged between 334.14 (at 31 ppt) and 409.68 (at 16 ppt) μg O₂ h⁻¹ g⁻¹ DW. No significant differences were observed in the OCR and AER of the juveniles between salinities of 26 and 31 ppt (P > 0.05). The OCR and AER at 16 ppt were, however, significantly higher than those at 26 and 31 ppt (P < 0.05), indicating salinity lower than 16 ppt is presumably stressful to M. miiuy juveniles.     

温度对三疣梭子蟹呼吸代谢及其相关酶活力的影响

为研究温度对三疣梭子蟹Portunus trituberculatus呼吸代谢的影响,以三疣梭子蟹幼蟹(1.17±0.03)g和成蟹(57.57±1.16)g为实验材料,设5个实验温度水平(15、18、21、24、27℃),测定其在不同温度下的耗氧率和排氨率以及成蟹肝胰脏和肌肉组织中的丙酮酸激酶(PK)、己糖激酶(HK)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)的活力。实验结果显示,三疣梭子蟹耗氧率和排氨率均随温度的升高而升高。幼蟹耗氧率在各个温度水平下差异显著(P0.05),成蟹耗氧率仅在15-18℃与21-27℃之间差异显著(P0.05);幼蟹和成蟹排氨率在15-18℃与21-27℃之间差异显著(P0.05)。幼蟹和成蟹的氧氮比随温度的升高总体呈下降趋势,其氧氮比范围为1.38-3.02,表明三疣梭子蟹以蛋白质为主要代谢能源物质。随实验温度升高,成蟹肝胰脏中的PK活力呈上升趋势,而成蟹肌肉组织中的PK和HK的活力则随温度升高总体呈下降趋势。温度对三疣梭子蟹肝胰脏组织中SDH的活力影响显著(P0.05),SDH的活力随温度的升高呈上升趋势,在27℃时达到最大值。综上所述,无氧代谢方面,随实验温度的升高,三疣梭子蟹成蟹肝胰脏组织的糖酵解速率增大,肌肉组织对葡萄糖的利用能力下降;有氧代谢方面,成蟹肝胰脏SDH活力随实验温度的升高而升高,一定程度上反应了三疣梭子蟹在高温环境下有氧代谢加强。     

乳山湾菲律宾蛤仔可溶性氮、磷排泄及其与温度的关系

菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)取自乳山湾东流区金港养殖区,其壳长范围为2.86~3.21 cm。实验结果表明,温度为20℃时,菲律宾蛤仔氮的排泄率最大(11.381μg.h-1.ind-1),是其他温度组(10℃、15℃、25℃、30℃)的2~8倍。菲律宾蛤仔代谢产物中NH4+-N占总无机氮的88%~91%,NO3--N和NO2--N占总无机氮的比例很小,分别为5.74%~7.89%和2.11%~4.01%,表明菲律宾蛤仔是排氨动物,氮的代谢终极产物主要为氨。磷的排泄随温度的变化不是很明显,排泄的磷中DOP的量明显小于DIP,总体趋势是随温度的升高略有增高,其中TDP和DIP变化幅度完全一致,DOP变幅相对较小,但上述3种形态P的水平随温度变化与N相比要小得多。通过实验分析表明,20℃时菲律宾蛤仔氮的排泄率最高。     

饲料蛋白能量比、非植酸磷水平对中华绒螯蟹氮、磷排泄和转氨酶活力的影响

试验所用饲料蛋白能量比(P/E)分别为27.10、29.91、32.31,非植酸磷水平(N-Phy-P)质量比分别为1.52×10-2、1.98×10-2、2.32×10-2.中华绒螯蟹体重8～10.5 g.结果表明①中华绒螯蟹总氮(TN)、氨态氮(NH3-N)以及总磷(TP)和磷酸盐(PO43--P)的排泄率分别与饲料蛋P/E和N-Phy-P水平呈正相关.氮/磷排泄率比(TN/TP)也与饲料氮/磷比(N/N-Phy-P)呈显著的线性正相关.②在摄食后排泄率测定中,TN、NH3-N排泄率在摄食后3～6 h达最大值,而TP、PO34--P则在6～9 h达最大值.前9 h TN、NH3-N、TP以及PO34--P平均排泄率分别占总排泄率的78.34%～82.12%、79.57%～83.23%、61.54%～75.22%和62.60%～64.52%.9 h以后,其排泄率基本保持稳定.③中华绒螯蟹肌肉、肝胰脏内谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活力受饲料P/E不同程度的影响,表现出随饲料P/E增加而呈升高趋势.     

水体中饵料投喂量对不同规格光裸方格星虫耗氧率及排氨率的影响

为研究饵料投喂量对不同规格光裸方格星虫(Sipunculus nudus Linnaeus)呼吸代谢的影响,采用实验生态学方法,研究了不同螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)投喂量(5、10、15、20和25 mg/L)对3种规格[小(S)(1.58±0.48)g、中(M)(4.90±1.06)g和大(L)(7.96±0.94)g]光裸方格星虫耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果显示,饵料投喂量对耗氧率和排氨率均影响显著(P0.05),饵料投喂量和规格的交互作用对光裸方格星虫耗氧率和排氨率影响极显著(P0.01)。当饵料投喂量达到15 mg/L时,3组规格光裸方格星虫的耗氧率和排氨率均出现显著下降。光裸方格星虫耗氧率和排氨率均随着饵料投喂量增加而明显降低,且与饵料投喂量呈一元三次函数关系:y=ax~3+bx~2+cx+d。对于耗氧率,a值的范围为0.003~0.033,b值的范围为–1.698~–0.053,c值的范围为–1.805~18.873,d值的范围为–15.675~79.940。对于排氨率,a值的范围为0.0003~0.004,b值的范围为–0.172~–0.003,c值的范围为–0.326~1.972,d值的范围为3.634~14.008。光裸方格星虫耗氧率和排氨率均随着体重增加表现出曲线增加的规律。耗氧率与体重呈指数函数关系:y=ae~(bx),a值的范围为8.082~20.934,b值的范围为0.217~0.270;排氨率与体重呈幂函数关系:y=ax~b,a值的范围为1.441~3.598,b值的范围为0.521~0.747。光裸方格星虫的氧氮比(O/N)范围为1.26~10.60。研究表明,高浓度饵料投喂量会对光裸方格星虫的呼吸代谢产生负作用,当饵料投喂量达到20 mg/L时,光裸方格星虫的耗氧率和排氨率波动较大且显著下降。     

盐度和光照对泥蚶耗氧率和排氨率的影响

为了解盐度对泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)生理活动的影响,探究其昼夜活动节律,在室内实验条件下,控制水温25℃,采用静水养殖法,以耗氧率和排氨率分别作为呼吸和排泄的生理指标,研究了20、24、28、30、32共计5个盐度梯度下泥蚶的呼吸和排泄强度,同时对泥蚶在光照条件和暗处理下的呼吸与排泄强度进行了测定。结果发现,泥蚶耗氧率和排氨率随着盐度的升高均先上升、后下降,耗氧率为0.33～0.48 mg/（g?h）,排氨率为0.044～0.067 mg/(g?h);泥蚶在盐度28的环境下呼吸和排泄强度最高,且不同盐度下耗氧率之间、排氨率之间差异显著（P<0.05）。暗处理下泥蚶的耗氧率在0.42～0.53 mg/(g?h),排氨率在0.049～0.057 mg/(g?h);光照条件下泥蚶的耗氧率在0.40～0.44 mg/(g?h),排氨率为0.042～0.051 mg/(g?h);暗处理条件下呼吸与排泄强度比光照条件下的更高,但2种状态下耗氧率、排氨率差异均不显著（P>0.05）;表明实验条件下泥蚶对光照和暗处理反应不明显,即泥蚶不存在明显的昼夜节律现象。     

温度和盐度对红刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)耗氧率与排氨率的影响

采用室内实验生态学方法,研究了不同温度(7、12、17、22、27℃)、盐度(23、26、29、32、35、38)对两种体重S组(1.68–3.48 g)和L组(15.78–20.79 g)红刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)耗氧率(OCR)和排氨率(AER)的影响。结果显示,温度对红刺参OCR和AER均有极显著影响(P<0.01);体重对红刺参OCR无显著影响(P>0.05),而对AER有极显著影响(P<0.01)。温度和体重交互作用对红刺参OCR和AER有极显著影响(P<0.01)。S组红刺参的OCR和AER随温度的升高而增加;L组红刺参OCR和AER均随温度的升高而升高,而在22℃有所降低后又升高。盐度、体重对红刺参OCR和AER均有显著影响(P<0.05)。盐度和体重交互作用对红刺参OCR和AER均无显著影响(P>0.05)。S组和L组红刺参的OCR和AER均随盐度的升高而呈M形变化,在盐度为29和32时较低,而在盐度为26和35时较高。红刺参OCR和AER与体重呈负相关的幂函数方程R = aW b。不同温度下S组和L组红刺参O : N范围分别为4.75–11.74和10.71–15.52;不同盐度S组和L组红刺参O : N范围分别为6.37–12.29和8.24–12.10。综上所述,L组红刺参对高温的耐受能力较S组弱;S组和L组红刺参对低盐和高盐的耐受性较差,其最适盐度范围为29–32。     

An optimized and simplified method for analysing urea and ammonia in freshwater aquaculture systems

This study presents a simple urease method for analysis of ammonia and urea in freshwater aquaculture systems. Urea is hydrolysed into ammonia using urease followed by analysis of released ammonia using the salicylate‐hypochlorite method. The hydrolysis of urea is performed at room temperature and without addition of a buffer. A number of tests were performed on water samples obtained from a commercial rainbow trout farm to determine the optimal urease concentration and time for complete hydrolysis. One mL of water sample was spiked with 1.3 mL urea at three different concentrations: 50 μg L^?1, 100 μg L^?1 and 200 μg L^?1 urea‐N. In addition, five concentrations of urease were tested, ranging from 0.1 U mL^?1 to 4 U mL^?1. Samples were hydrolysed for various time periods ranging from 5 to 120 min. A urease concentration of 0.4 UmL^?1 and a hydrolysis period of 120 min gave the best results, with 99.6–101% recovery of urea‐N in samples spiked with 100 or 200 μg L^?1 urea‐N. The level of accurate quantification of ammonia using the method is 50 μg L^?1 NH₄⁺‐N, and the detection level is 5–10 μg L^?1 NH₄⁺‐N.     

Urea and ammonia excretion by embryos and larvae of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822)

Yolk-sac larvae and starved larvae of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822), reared at 28°C, were predominantly ammonotelic, but urea excretion contributed about 19±7% to the total nitrogen excretion. Exogenously feeding larvae of C. gariepinus were mainly ammonotelic until 180-205 h post fertilization, but from then on the relative urea excretion stabilized at 44±13%. The contents of total free amino acids (FAA) and ammonia in C. gariepinus peaked around complete yolk absorption. During the first period after hatching 64% of the FAA and 60% of the total ammonia were located in the yolk compartment. The body compartment contained the highest amount of FAA and total ammonia at the end of the yolk-sac period (65 and 77%, respectively). The amount of nitrogen originating from catabolism of amino acids was balanced within 6% by the excreted sum of ammonia and urea. The high degree of ureotelism in C. gariepinus larvae may constitute an adaptive mechanism to a habitat of temporal water shortage.