碳酸盐碱度对达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼耗氧率、氨氮排泄和排氨基因表达的影响

采用封闭流水式呼吸室法,研究了不同浓度碳酸盐碱度(以下简称CA,10、30、50、70、90、110 mmol/L)对体质量为(84.62±6.70)g的达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼耗氧率、氨氮排泄率、血氨含量及排氨基因Rh家族(Rhag、Rhbg、Rhcg1和Rhcg2)在鳃组织中表达量的影响。结果表明,随着碱度的升高,瓦氏雅罗鱼的耗氧率和排氨率均表现为先下降后上升的趋势,且都显著低于对照组(P0.05)。在CA90时,耗氧率和排氨率均达到最低值,表明CA90可能是达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼所能承受的最大碱度胁迫。相反,随着碱度的升高,瓦氏雅罗鱼的血氨含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在CA90时达到峰值。然而在CA0~50时,瓦氏雅罗鱼血氨含量无显著差异(P0.05),表明达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼进化出特殊的排氨机制,使其体内能够保持较低的氨氮含量以此规避氨中毒。定量PCR显示,参与氨转运的4种Rh基因在不同碱度处理组均有不同程度的上调表达;其中Rhcg1和Rhcg2在高碱度(CA110)最为显著(P0.05),表明Rhcg1和Rhcg2可能在达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼高碱胁迫下的排氨过程中发挥重要作用。能量代谢研究(O∶N)发现,在CA0~70时,雅罗鱼无需消耗过多能源物质即可实现高碱度胁迫下的能量需求;而在碱度为90~110时,则主要消耗脂肪和碳水化合物供能,减少蛋白质耗能,以此降低毒氨的产生。依据上述研究结果,深入探讨了达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼在高碱胁迫下的排氨策略及其可能的生理和分子机制,为推动达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼在不同类型盐碱水域的增养殖提供科学依据。     

盐度、温度和体质量对钝吻黄盖鲽幼鱼排氨率和耗氧率的影响

采用静水密闭式呼吸实验方法研究了不同盐度(8、14、20、26、32)、温度(10、15、20℃)和不同体质量(共6组)对钝吻黄盖鲽(Pleuronectes yokohama)幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果表明,盐度在8~32时对钝吻黄盖鲽幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率影响显著,且二者都随盐度降低而减小;温度在10~20℃时对钝吻黄盖鲽幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率影响显著,在该范围下二者都随温度升高而增大;钝吻黄盖鲽幼鱼随体质量的增加耗氧率和排氨率在减小。随着盐度的增加和温度的降低,二者的O∶N都在降低,范围分别为44.441~12.278和13.446~17.631,在该温度区间下(10~20℃)呼吸和排泄的Q10平均值分别为1.545和2.018,不同体质量下O∶N相差不大。本实验设置的盐度和温度条件下,钝吻黄盖鲽幼鱼的能源物质绝大多数为脂肪和蛋白质,只是所占的比例不同,只有在盐度为8的情况下能源物质为脂肪和糖类。     

猪氨基酸代谢节俭机制新假说

猪尿氮排放量为总氮排放量的60%~70%,而尿素是尿液中的主要含氮物,其合成速率在很大程度上决定着尿氮以及总氮的排放量。因此,降低猪肝脏尿素合成速率是减少氮排放量的根本途径。本文首先介绍了当前猪氮减排常用的营养调控技术,然后分别就肝脏尿素合成的直接前体物(氨)与间接前体物(如甘氨酸和丙氨酸)以及氨基酸代谢燃料功能替代机制进行论述,在此基础上提出猪氨基酸代谢节俭机制新假说,即促进丙酮酸/葡萄糖等物质的供能效率,以降低谷氨酸等氨基酸的代谢速率,从而达到减少门静脉尿素前体物净流量、肝脏尿素合成以及尿氮排放量的目的。     

Effects of feeding and animal performance on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium excretion by Holstein cows

Thirty‐four Holstein dry cows and 16 lactating cows were used in balance trials to identify the effects of feeding and animal performance on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) excretion by dairy cows, and to develop prediction models for these excreta. Orchard grass silage, corn silage, alfalfa silage or timothy hay were offered to dry cows. Orchard grass silage or alfalfa silage, and concentrates were offered to lactating cows. In the statistical analysis, the independent variables were bodyweight (kg), dry matter (DM) intake (kg/day), milk yield (for lactating cows only, kg/day), water intake (free water plus water in feed, kg/day), intake (g/day) of N, P and K and dietary contents (% of DM) of crude protein, P and K. The dependent variables were N, P and K excretion (g/day) in feces and urine. In both dry and lactating cows, intake of N, P and K had large effects on corresponding excretion. The results indicated that a decrease in the intake of N, P and K could decrease the corresponding excretion. Further research by path analysis showed that K intake positively affected urinary N excretion in dry cows indirectly, through water intake and urine volume.     

Temporal patterns and quantification of excretion of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in sheep with Johne's disease

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of excretion of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in Merino sheep with Johne's disease and to quantify excretion in a group of Merino sheep. DESIGN: A pen and laboratory experiment. PROCEDURE: Seven sheep selected from an affected flock on the basis of acid-fast bacilli in the sheep's faeces were housed and total daily faecal output was collected, weighed and subjected to culture for M avium subsp paratuberculosis. An end-point titration method was used to enumerate viable M avium subsp paratuberculosis in a 15 day pooled sample from five sheep that had acid-fast bacilli in their faeces while housed. RESULTS: Four sheep with subclinical multibacillary Johne's disease excreted M avium subsp paratuberculosis each day for 11 days of cultural observation. A further three sheep were intermittent excreters but lacked other evidence of infection with M avium subsp paratuberculosis. The average number of viable bacteria excreted was 1.09 x 10(8) per gram of faeces while total daily excretion was 8.36 x 10(10) viable M avium subsp paratuberculosis per sheep. Examination of faecal smears stained with Ziehl Neelsen was an unreliable means of assessing daily excretion in individual animals except in those with severe lesions. CONCLUSION: Excretion of M avium subsp paratuberculosis in Merino sheep with multibacillary Johne's disease occurred daily, proving that environmental contamination can be continuous on farms with endemic ovine Johne's disease. Faecal culture is a useful method for detecting infection as it does not appear to be affected by the timing of collection of a sample from sheep with multibacillary disease however, to maximise the sensitivity of disease surveillance using faecal culture, sampling rates should be adjusted to take account of the proportions of multibacillary and paucibacillary cases.     

Influence of low phosphorus intake during early lactation on apparent digestibility of phosphorus and bone metabolism in dairy cows

In this study, the effects of reducing the dietary phosphorus (P) supply during the first 4 months of lactation on P balance and bone metabolism were investigated in dairy cows during a full lactation, including the dry period. Twenty-two multiparous cows of the Swedish Red and White Breed were included in the experiment. Eleven cows received a dietary P concentration of 0.43% of DM during the whole lactation (NP), and 11 cows received a dietary P concentration of 0.32% of DM during the first 4 months of lactation, followed by 0.43% of DM during the rest of lactation (LP). Total collection of faeces was carried out during five different stages of lactation, for 5 consecutive days at each occasion. The dynamics of bone metabolism was investigated by monitoring one bone-formation marker, identifying osteocalcin (OC), and one bone-resorption marker identifying C-telopeptide fragments of collagen type I (CTx) in blood plasma. At the two first collection periods, 3–7 and 11–15 weeks after parturition, the apparent digestibility of P was higher in the LP cows (52%) than in the NP cows (42%). During the following collection periods, no difference in the apparent digestibility could be noted between the two groups of cows. Phosphorus retention did not differ between treatments at any collection period. The highest retention was observed during late lactation and during the dry period. The profiles of the bone metabolism markers indicated a net resorption of bone during early lactation, but there were no differences in marker concentrations between the groups during early lactation, indicating that the LP diet did not induce a further elevated net bone resorption.     

铜的来源和水平对生长猪生长性能禾粪铜排出量的影响

选用平均体重29．6kg的三元杂（杜×大×长）生长猪144头，按随机区组设计分为6个处理。饲粮中分别添加0、100、200mg／kg硫酸铜、200mg／kg碱式氯化铜、100mg／kg小肽铜、100mg／kg复合氨基酸螯合铜（以铜含量计）。结果表明：100mg／kg小肽铜和100mg／kg复合氨基酸螯合铜均能有效提高生长猪日增重和日采食量，其促生长效果与200mg／kg硫酸铜无显著（P〉0．05）差异，而粪中铜含量分别下降了36．8％和48．4％（P〈0．05）。     

The effect of exogenous purine supply on the endogenous excretion of purine derivatives in the urine of growing lambs

An experiment was made to determine the absorption of purine metabolites in dietary nucleic acids through the digestive tract, and also to determine the utilization of nucleic acids absorbed in the body, using growing lambs. Two pairs of 120‐ and 180‐day‐old twin female lambs with a bodyweight of 18.2–19.0 kg were kept in metabolism crates and fed on purine‐free milk replacement (MR) with supplements of exogenous purine (purine base or purine nucleoside) at a level of 0.2 mmol/BW^0.75/d for 5 consecutive days, and thereafter they were maintained in the crates for 4 days. The daily amount of exogenous purine supply was calculated based on the urinary excreted purine derivatives (PD) in lambs fed on milk replacement alone. A urine sample was collected daily for 9 consecutive days, and the urinary excretion of PD was determined daily. Urinary PD excretion opened to increase within 24 h after the dose of purine bases, and the level was recovered on 3 days after ceasing the exogenous purine supply. The recovery of PD in the urine was about 70% of the purine supplement. When purine nucleosides were added to the feed, urinary PD excretion was initiated within 24 h after dosing, and the values were recovered after ending the purine nucleoside supply. The recovery rate of PD in the urine was only 30% of the supplemented purine. The plasma allantoin levels were almost similar after feeding purine bases and purine nucleosides, and the values were mostly in the range (40–60 µmol/L). These findings indicate that an exogenous purine can be directly incorporated into the body, and the purine as nucleoside is more effectively utilized for the synthesis of nucleic acids than as a purine base in the body of growing lambs.     

低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对生长猪生长性能和氮素减排的影响研究

试验旨在研究饲喂低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对生长猪生长性能和氮排泄量的影响,采用单因子完全随机设计,将144头平均体重30 kg左右的杜长大三元杂种生长母猪分成3组,每组设6个重复,每个重复8头猪,对照组饲喂实测粗蛋白质含量为18.10%的普通饲粮,试验1组、试验2组分别饲喂实测粗蛋白质含量为16.08%和14.12%的氨基酸平衡饲粮。试验期37 d,前7 d为预试期,正试期30 d。结果显示,3组日采食量、日增重、料重比指标均没有显著差异(P0.05),而日氮素总排泄量试验1组、试验2组分别比对照组减少18.69%、38.68%,3组之间差异均显著(P0.05),且试验1组、试验2组猪每增重1 kg所需要的饲料成本分别较对照组节省0.11和0.23元。综合考虑,生长猪饲喂低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮,可以作为实现养殖效益与环保双赢的主要技术措施予以推广。     

纳米硒添加剂对褐牙鲆生长性能、耗氧率及排氨率的影响

在饲料中通过喷洒的方式添加液体纳米硒,测定不同浓度液体纳米硒对褐牙鲆生长性能、耗氧率及排氨率的影响。结果表明:与投喂基础饲料的对照组相比,饲料中添加纳米硒的试验组褐牙鲆的终末体质量、特定生长率及增重率显著提高,其中10 m L/kg组增长最为显著;肝体比、脏体比及肠体比对照组与试验组无显著差异;添加纳米硒可以增强褐牙鲆的耗氧率及排氨率,耗氧率在10 m L/kg时达到最高,排氨率在20 mL/kg时达到最高。