Supplementation effect(s) of organic acids and/or lipid to plant protein‐based diets on juvenile yellowtail,Seriola quinqueradiata Temminck et Schlegel 1845, growth and,nitrogen and phosphorus excretion

A feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of organic acids and/or lipid supplementation on growth, utilization and environmental loading of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in juvenile yellowtail fed fishmeal (FM) and plant protein (PP) diets. Six diets as FM (FM‐based), FM+P (FM with inorganic P), FM+L (FM with lipid), PP+CA (PP with citric acid), PP+L+CA (PP with lipid and citric acid) and PP+L+FA (PP with formic acid) were formulated. Yellowtails were fed each of the diets in duplicate groups; once a day, 6 days a week to near satiation at water temperature 19.0–25.0 °C for 16 weeks. Fishmeal with inorganic P gave the best growth while PP+L+FA the lowest. However, growth increased in PP+CA and PP+L+CA. Addition of lipid significantly increased N and P retention resulting in significant reduction in N and P excretion. Citric acid and FA supplementation to PP diets also increased retention of P; hence, its excretion was lowered. Thus, CA, FA and lipid in juvenile yellowtail diets can help to partially replace FM with PP sources and reduce inorganic P use to minimize environmental loading from aquafeeds.     

中国对虾亲虾的能量代谢研究

本试验测定了中国对虾亲虾在禁食和静息状态下的耗氧率、二氧化碳排出率和氨氮排泄率,研究了它们的呼吸商、氧氮比、能源的化学本质及其消耗量之比。结果表明,体重为85.1±14.8克的亲虾,在水温19～22℃时的耗氧率为0.25±0.08毫克/克·小时,二氧化碳排出率为0.28±0.09毫克/克·小时,氨氮排泄率为8.86±3.53微克/克·小时;亲虾以蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的混台物为能源,其中以蛋白质为主,脂肪次之,碳水化合物的利用最少;亲虾的耗氧率(Y)与体重(W)呈负相关,Y=1.89W~(-1.3),而与性腺发育的影响则相反,性腺发育好的亲虾代谢率高,性腺发育差的亲虾代谢率低。     

不同生态因子对匍茎草苔虫排氨率的影响

通过试验生态学方法,采用静水系统,对我国北方常见的污损生物匍茎草苔虫(Bugula stolonifera Ryland,1960)排氨率进行了初研究,主要包括匍茎草苔虫在饥饿状态下,温度对其排氨率的影响;温度和盐度交互作用对其排氨率的影响;温度和pH交互作用对其排氨率的影响。为预防控制海洋污损生物对养殖生物正常生长存活有着非常重要的意义,也为更深一步规划出有效的防治方法提供一定的基础科学依据。具体试验结果为:1.温度对匍茎草苔虫的排氨率具有极其显著的影响,在12~27℃范围内,呈1个峰值变化,在24℃时其排氨率达到最高值;2.温度与盐度的交互作用对其排氨率有显著的影响,在12~27℃条件下,盐度在16‰~40‰范围内,呈1个峰值变化,在盐度32‰时其排氨率达到最高值;3.温度与pH的交互作用对其排氨率有极其显著的影响,在12~27℃条件下,pH在5~10范围内,呈1个峰值变化,在pH为8时其排氨率达到最高值。     

Active metabolism in larval and juvenile fish: ontogenetic changes,effect of water temperature and fasting

Oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion and fish swimming speed were measured in fish induced to swim by optomotor reaction in a circular metabolism chamber. The relationship between the swimming speed and fish metabolism described by exponential equations allowed the extrapolation to the standard metabolism, i.e. at zero swimming speed. The partitioning of the catabolised protein in the energy supply was estimated based on AQ (volume of ammonia/ volume of oxygen) values. Weight specific standard metabolism, as expressed by the ammonia excretion rate, decreased by one order of magnitude in coregonids as the fish grew from 20 to 780 mg body weight. The slope of the relationship between oxygen uptake and swimming speed decreased in coregonid ontogenesis. In salmon, after 12 days of fasting 28% of energy used was derived from protein, whilst coregonid juveniles utilized mostly lipid. Active swimming in fasted juveniles of coregonid, as well as in salmon, led to the accelerated utilization of protein as a source of energy, based on AQ coefficients. In juveniles acclimated to a range of water temperatures from 14 to 26°C, the changes in standard or active metabolic rate (expressed as oxygen uptake or ammonia excretion) were described by Q₁₀ coefficients. They were generally higher for the ammonia excretion rate than for the oxygen uptake rate and for active metabolism than for standard metabolism. Utilization of protein as energy for swimming differed significantly between the species, being in general one order of magnitude higher in coregonids than in salmon. The use of protein for swimming activity tended to decrease during coregonid ontogenesis.     

盐度对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹标准代谢的影响

对均重(0.12±0.01)g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)仔蟹在6个盐度(0、4、8、12、16、20)梯度下的标准代谢进行研究。各梯度的水温为(24±0.5)℃、溶解氧为(8.12±0.23)g/m L、p H为7.5±0.18。在不同时间段测量各盐度梯度代谢瓶内溶氧量、CO_2含量及NH_3-N含量,将时间与耗氧率、CO_2排出率及NH_3-N排泄率进行回归分析。研究结果表明,根据仔蟹行为及代谢瓶内氧气含量与时间(h)的回归分析将仔蟹行为可分3个阶段:自由运动阶段[DO2.33 mg/L]、生存阶段[0.33 mg/LDO2.33 mg/L]及窒息阶段[DO0.33 mg/L]。在自由运动阶段和生存阶段,盐度对仔蟹耗氧率、CO_2排出率及NH_3-N排泄率影响显著(P0.05);在窒息阶段,盐度对仔蟹的耗氧率、CO_2排出率及NH_3-N排泄率影响不显著(P0.05)。研究结果还表明中华绒螯蟹仔蟹在高溶氧环境的主要供能物质为脂肪;低溶氧环境的主要供能物质为脂肪和碳水化合物;蛋白质在能量供给中的比例随溶氧增加而逐渐增加。     

中国区域畜禽粪便能源潜力及总量控制研究

为了评估中国畜禽粪便资源总量及其对环境的影响,以环保部、统计局和农业部发布的区域畜禽产排污系数为基础,利用2010年的统计数据,研究了中国及各省的畜禽粪便资源总量、能源潜力及农地的氮磷负荷,并以欧盟的农地氮磷施用标准对中国畜禽养殖的环境容量和污染风险进行了初步评估。结果表明,2010年,中国畜禽粪便总量达22.35亿t,可产沼气1072.75亿m3,山东等6省市粪便资源超过1.00亿t;全国单位面积农地氮磷平均负荷为43.73kg/hm2(TN)和9.16kg/hm2(TP),北京等6省市农地氮磷负荷超标;全国畜禽养殖环境容量为129.56亿头猪当量(以N为基准),159.74亿头猪当量(以P为基准),实际养殖总量约占环境容量的1/4,考虑化肥施用的影响,约有20个省超过本省50%环境容量。研究结果为区域畜禽养殖总量控制、合理布局和粪污的综合利用提供决策依据。     

植物忍耐低磷胁迫机理的研究进展

利用和挖掘作物自身磷高营养效率的能力,以改良作物磷营养性状,已成为植物磷素营养研究的重点和热点。论述了低磷胁迫下植物根系形态、根系分泌物以及磷的跨膜运输和体内转运等方面的适应性变化,总结了目前与磷高效营养性状有关的基因定位和克隆的研究进展,进而揭示出植物低磷胁迫忍耐机理。     

低蛋白氨基酸平衡日粮对断奶仔猪生产性能和氮排放的影响

以长×大二元杂交仔猪为试材,研究了低蛋白氨基酸平衡日粮(低蛋白日粮)对断奶仔猪生产性能及氮排放的影响.结果表明:低蛋白日粮组(试验组)仔猪的体增重极显著高于对照组,比对照组多增重17.74％;低蛋白平衡日粮极显著提高了日粮中粗蛋白的表观消化率,降低料重比7.9％,同时使死淘率下降51.47％;试验组粪样中氮含量低于对照...     

水流对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹运动行为和代谢的影响

在实验室条件下,观察了水流刺激对不同体重（小、中、大3种规格的体重分别为13．348g±1．751g、21．71g±1．247g、30．308g±3．009g）的三疣梭子蟹Portunus trituberculatus幼蟹运动行为的影响,研究了幼蟹在水流刺激（23cm／s）1h及恢复12、24h时的耗氧率、氨氮排泄率、氧氮比和血蓝蛋白含量的变化。结果表明：小、中、大3种规格幼蟹最大耐流流速分别为23．0、26．7、31．0cm／s,水流刺激对幼蟹的运动行为影响显著。当流速为23．0cm／s时,3种规格的幼蟹均在水槽底部顶流爬动;流速高于23cm／s时,小规格组幼蟹趴于拦网区不动。幼蟹的耗氧率和氨氮排泄率随体重增大而降低,在水流刺激1h后,3种规格幼蟹的耗氧率、氨氮排泄率和血蓝蛋白含量均下降,而氧氮比升高;静水中恢复12h,其氧氮比恢复至正常,耗氧率、氨氮排泄率和血蓝蛋白含量升高,至24h恢复到正常水平;与对照组相比,水流刺激1h后和恢复12h时幼蟹的耗氧率、氨氮排泄率差异显著（P〈0．05）,恢复24h后无显著差异（P〉0．05）。     

温度对紫黑翼蚌耗氧率和排氨率及其昼夜变化的影响

采用静水呼吸法测定了在3个不同温度条件下紫黑翼蚌耗氧率及排氨率的变化,比较了雌雄蚌的呼吸代谢差异,并研究了其昼夜变化规律。结果表明:在17~27℃条件下,紫黑翼蚌的耗氧率和排氨率均随温度的升高而升高;雄蚌耗氧率高于雌蚌,但无显著性差异;而雄蚌排氨率低于雌蚌,且在22℃、27℃条件下排氨率差异显著(P=0.014,P0.01);在27℃条件下,雄蚌的氧氮比显著高于雌蚌(P=0.019),这可能与紫黑翼蚌雌雄生理差异有关;22℃时,紫黑翼蚌耗氧率和排氨率均存在明显的昼夜节律,夜间显著高于白天,雌雄蚌的呼吸代谢高峰均出现在凌晨1:00~3:00,除雄蚌的排氨率低谷出现在9:00~11:00,其他低谷均出现15:00~17:00。在22℃条件下,雄蚌一昼夜平均耗氧率高于雌蚌,而平均排氨率低于雌蚌,但均无显著性差异(P0.05)。本结果初步揭示了温度对雌雄紫黑翼蚌呼吸代谢的影响及昼夜变化规律,为提高其人工驯养成活率、池塘合理放养及雌雄生长差异研究提供理论参考。