华北地区古树主要形态特征变异分析

【目的】通过对古树形态特征变异分析研究,了解古树表型性状的生态地理变异,以期为华北地区古树名木的资源保护和健康维护提供参考。【方法】以6个区域5种不同类型的古树为研究对象,选取7个不同的形态特征指标,采用ANOVA方差分析和LSD最小显著差异法,对测定的性状特征数据进行数学统计分析。【结果】5种古树7个性状指标间存在一定程度的变异,树洞在不同树种中的变异程度最大,而树高、胸径和树叶稀疏情况的变异程度最小,性状最为稳定;古树的形态差异与生境异质性关系密切,具有相似生境的古树通常具有相似的表型特征;树高、树叶稀疏状况和枯枝比等表型性状特征值与土壤营养元素多呈负相关关系。【结论】华北地区古树的形态特征具有多型性,且受生境异质性影响较大,具有较好的生态适应性。     

佛山市高明区古树名木现状及保护对策

本文对佛山市高明区古树名木调查现状进行总结发现,区域内现有古树名木251株,分属12科15属15种。在对古树名木树种构成、生长情况、树龄和胸径情况等进行具体分析的基础上,分析了高明区危害古树名木的因素,并提出有效的保护对策,以期为古树名木的保护提供参考。     

杨树体内吸硫量与城市空气中硫污染物浓度之间的关系的研究

通过对太原市12个环境监测点的连续三年SO_2在大气中浓度变化分析,说明其浓度在第1.4季度呈明显高浓度,第2、3季度呈低浓度,这与绿化树木休眠期和生长期相吻合.化学分析杨树枝、叶含硫量,说明夏季叶片是吸收SO_2的主要器官,最高含硫量8.52g/kg;冬季以枝条通过韧皮部吸收SO_2,其含硫量最高值4.31g/kg;对9种绿化树熏蒸对比试验,在相同处理方式下,杨树吸硫量最高.     

乌鲁木齐市园林树种初步调查

对乌鲁木齐市的园林树种和绿化现状进行了系统的调查和研究,依据园林绿地国家《城市绿地分类标准CJJ/T85-2002》,对主要的绿地类型中现有树种进行了调查、统计、分析、评价,应用城市生态学、园林美学、城市规划等学科的相关理论,根据乌鲁木齐市城市的生态特点和植被分布规律,对城市园林绿化树种进行了总体调查。乌鲁木齐市木本植物共有132种,其中常绿树种17种,落叶树种115种,常绿树种与落叶树种的比例为1.0∶6.8;从树种比例来看反映出乌鲁木齐市地属内陆干旱地区,树种单调且分布不均。     

合肥市城市道路绿化行道树配植模式的研究

调查分析了合肥市二环内38条道路的城市道路绿化配置模式,结果表明：合肥市道路绿化配植模式有：一板二带式,二板三带式,三板四带式和四板五带式,其中以一板二带式和三板四带式为主,分别占调查道路总数的42％和46％,二板三带式和四板五带式仅占5％和7％;行道树现有树种22种,隶属16科20属,以香樟、广玉兰、悬铃木、国槐、女贞为主。根据现状,并借鉴其它城市道路绿化配植成功的模式,依据不同的道路性质、走向、人行道宽度和断面结构,提出新的道路绿化配植模式和行道树,为今后合肥市及其周边城市道路绿化设计提供参考。     

施氮水平对实生桃树可溶性总糖、淀粉含量及根组织构造的影响

[目的]为桃栽培生产提供理论依据。[方法]试验以3年生实生桃树为材料,NH4NO3为试验氮肥,设0、3、6g/盆三个施氮水平,探讨了不同施氮水平对实生桃树可溶性总糖和淀粉以及根内部组织构造的影响。[结果]根和叶片的可溶性糖含量随着施氮水平的提高呈增加趋势,以6g/盆最高,与对照及3g/盆区差异均达到0.05显著水平;淀粉含量却呈相反趋势,随着施氮水平的提高而呈下降趋势,以6g/盆含量最低,与对照达0.01显著水平。与对照、3g/盆处理相比,6g/盆根内部组织构造表现为维管中柱较大,维管束发达,皮层薄壁细胞间隙小,细胞圆润、饱满,细胞壁光滑,发育较好。[结论]适宜的施氮水平可促进桃树可溶性总糖的累积和根内部组织的发育。     

不同剂量VB6、COB对苹果幼树生物学性状和理化性质的影响

以富士/平邑甜茶(M.hupehensis)二年生幼树为试材,研究盆栽条件下土壤中施加不同剂量的维生素B_6(VB_6)和复合维生素B(C_OB)对苹果幼树生物学性状和理化性质的影响。于2016年在山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院果树根系实验室进行富士苹果盆栽试验。5月26对富士苹果土施VB_6、C_OB,剂量分别为0,0.02,0.03,0.04g/株。6—10月测定外源维生素条件下苹果幼树株高、茎粗,叶面积,叶片抗氧化酶活性,叶绿素相对含量,光合荧光参数以及根系的生长分布状况。研究表明,不同剂量VB_6和C_OB对苹果幼树株高、茎粗,植株生物量,叶面积,叶片抗氧化酶活性,光合荧光参数和根系分布情况有不同程度的影响。盆施不同剂量VB_6、C_OB显著改善了植株生长势,叶面积以VB_6 0.03g增加最显著为22%,植株地上部分以C_OB 0.04g处理对植株株高、茎粗和新梢长度增加最显著,株高、茎粗和新梢长度在10月相比对照分别增加了24%,34%和45%,VB_6 0.03g与C_OB 0.04g两处理间无显著性差异;地下部分,VB_6 0.03g与C_O B 0.04g两处理对根系干鲜重、总长度、总体积和总表面积增加尤为显著,根尖数和根系分叉数也显著增加。VB_6 0.02g和C_OB 0.02g剂量下苹果幼树叶片抗氧化酶活性相比对照无显著性差异,VB_6 0.03g与C_OB 0.04g植株抗性得到显著性增强,抗氧化酶活性显著提高。此外,苹果幼树叶片叶绿素相对含量显著提高、光合荧光特性也得到显著性改善,且VB_6 0.03g与C_OB 0.04g两处理间无显著性差异。综合研究结果,VB_60.03g/株和C_OB 0.04g/株对苹果幼树的生物学性状和理化性质影响最显著,鉴于C_OB的有效施用剂量和市场价格均高于VB_6,推荐施用VB_6来改善土壤营养条件。     

Role of nitrogen supplementation in alleviating drought‐associated growth and metabolic impairments in Phoebe zhennan seedlings

Drought is one of the major environmental stresses altering forest productivity. However, nutrient availability can modulate drought resistance. Phoebe zhennan (gold Phoebe) is a high‐quality timber‐producing but threatened tree species in China, facing serious anthropogenic disturbances and abiotic constraints that restrict its growth and development. However, little attention has been given to designing adaptive strategies for its management by evaluating the possible role of major nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N), on its morphological and physio‐biochemical responses under water stress. To evaluate these responses, a complete randomized design was followed to investigate the effects of two irrigation levels (well‐watered and drought‐stressed conditions) and N fertilization treatments (with and without N). Drought stress significantly affected the growth of seedlings, as indicated by impaired photosynthesis, pigment degradation, disrupted N metabolism, over‐production of reactive oxygen species and enhanced lipid peroxidation. Nitrogen supplementation under drought stress had remarkable positive effects on the growth through physio‐biochemical adjustments as shown by higher level of nitrogenous compounds and up‐regulation of N‐associated metabolic enzymes activities which might be due to N‐mediated improved leaf relative water contents and photosynthetic efficiency. In addition, N application reduced oxidative stress and membrane damage, and maintained a high accumulation of osmolytes. However, in well‐watered seedlings N fertilization significantly improved root biomass and net CO₂ assimilation rate suggesting high N‐use efficiency of the seedlings. These findings reveal that drought significantly affects the growth of P. zhennan, while N fertilization plays a crucial role in alleviating water stress damage by improving its drought tolerance potential at low metabolic costs. Therefore, N fertilization could be considered as an effective strategy for the conservation and management of P. zhennan in the face of future climate change.     

Tree plantations on farms: Evaluating growth and potential for success

Interest in native species is growing across the tropics as reforestation of degraded lands becomes more widespread. In this study four tree species native to Panama - Cedrela odorata, Pachira quinata, Samanea saman, and Tabebuia rosea - were grown on rural farms at two dry tropical sites in Panama for up to five years. Survivorship and growth data at these “on-farm” trials are compared to data recorded from nearby experimental or “species selection” trial sites and evaluated in terms of soil fertility and management. Participant farmers were also asked about their interest in planting trees in general as well as their interest in 61 species grown in the species selection trial.Although, on-farm survivorship was variable and generally lower than that found on the species selection trial, one species (S. saman) experienced high and consistent survivorship. High survivorship combined with growth data from farms at both sites for this species suggests it would be a good candidate for extension projects working with rural farmers. Survivorship of other species appears more sensitive to farmer management and/or local site conditions. Generally lower growth on the Los Santos farms as compared to the species-selection trial is attributed to the lower soil fertility (plant available P) at the on-farm sites compared to the species selection trial. In contrast, only one species - P. quinata - had a growth variable found to be significantly lower between the on-farm and species selection trial sites in Rio Hato. C. odorata, P. quinata T. rosea can all be used in on-farm conditions with consideration to specific site and management conditions.By 2009, approximately 80% of the farmers planting trees still wished to participate in tree planting activities. All of the farmers no longer wishing to continue with the project expressed slow growth rates of trees as a principal reason. All but one of these farmers had growth rates for his/her trees markedly below those of the species selection trial nearby. Some farmers wishing to continue had very high mortality rates (>70% for all species), suggesting non-tangible benefits for participating in project activities. Other species that were not tested on-farm but grew well in the species-selection trials and were of interest to local farmers are discussed.As long as specific site and management conditions are carefully considered, data from species selection trials can be useful in informing tree planting projects with rural farmers; however, care should be taken to manage expectations.     

锈色粒肩天牛与寄主树种关系的初步研究

在连续 3a的定位观测和分析基础上 ,本文初步报道了锈色粒肩天牛与文献报道中的几种寄主树种之间的关系。结果如下 :(1)根据室内饲养下成虫对不同树种的取食及产卵情况和在不同树种上接种 (卵 )的幼虫情况 ,可将几种寄主树种分为 4类 :高感树种 (国槐 )、低感树种 (云实、黄檀 )、抗虫树种 (刺槐 )、免疫树种 (旱柳 ) ;(2 )酚酸类物质在旱柳中的含量 (3 0 3～ 9 73mg·(10 0g) - 1 ) ,显著高于其它树种中的含量 (1 71～5 39mg·(10 0g) - 1 ) ,可能是锈色粒肩天牛在旱柳上表现拒食、拒产卵、拒钻蛀的重要原因。氨基酸含量较高、组分相对最全 (17种 ) ,以及较高的C N值 ,是国槐基本营养物质的显著特征 ,这可能是锈色粒肩天牛嗜食国槐 ,对其造成严重危害的根本原因。锈色粒肩天牛很少取食危害刺槐 ,这与刺槐树种的各部分C N值过低 ,造成营养失调有关。黄檀木材纤维平均长度为 0 837mm ,平均宽度为 18 90 μm ,长宽比为 5 0 96 ,其韧性是参试树种中最大的 ,因而可能造成幼虫啃食困难 ,加上木材中的C N低 (0 36 ) ,因此 ,具有较强的抗虫性。云实树皮薄而光滑 ,造成成虫产卵困难 ,因此 ,在自然状态下 ,锈色粒肩天牛不易对其产生危害。