硬骨鱼肥大细胞的研究进展

有关肥大细胞，在某些啮齿动物及人类中研究已比较深入，但在鱼类及其他低等脊椎动物中研究较少。硬骨鱼(teleostean fish)肥大细胞(MC)，常被称为嗜酸性颗粒细胞(EGC)，或肥大细胞／嗜酸性颗粒细胞(MC／EGC)，本文对有关研究进展作一综述并对硬骨鱼肥大细胞的发生、组织化学性质、细胞颗粒介质及其在鱼类健康与疾病中可能的功能意义等进行讨论，旨为深入研究鱼类重大疫病的发生机理提供基础依据。     

Lipopolysaccharide and cytokines modulate leukotriene (LT)B4 and LTC4 production by porcine endometrial endothelial cells

Uterine inflammatory response is mediated by inflammatory mediators including eicosanoids and cytokines produced by immune and endometrial cells. Interactions between lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cytokines, and leukotrienes (LTs) in endothelium, important for the host defence during the inflammation, are unknown. We studied the effect of LPS, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐4 and IL‐10 on 5‐lipooxygenase (5‐LO), LTA₄ hydrolase (LTAH) and LTC₄ synthase (LTCS) mRNA and protein expression, LTB₄ and LTC₄ release from porcine endometrial endothelial cells, and cell viability. For 24 hr, cells were exposed to LPS (10 or 100 ng/ml of medium) and cytokines (each 1 or 10 ng/ml). 5‐LO mRNA/protein expression augmented after incubation with larger doses of LPS, TNF‐α, IL‐4 and IL‐10 and smaller dose of IL‐1β. Larger dose of TNF‐α, smaller doses of LPS and IL‐1β and both doses of IL‐10 increased LTAH mRNA/protein expression. LTAH protein content was up‐regulated by larger dose of LPS, but it was reduced in response to both doses of IL‐4. LTCS mRNA expression was elevated by larger doses of LPS, IL‐4 and IL‐10 or both doses of TNF‐α and IL‐1β. LTCS protein level increased after treatment with both doses of IL‐1β, IL‐4 and IL‐10, smaller dose of LPS and larger dose of TNF‐α. Both doses of LPS and larger doses of TNF‐α and IL‐10 increased LTB₄ release. LPS, IL‐1β and IL‐10 at smaller doses, or TNF‐α and IL‐4 at larger doses stimulated LTC₄ release. Smaller doses of TNF‐α and IL‐1β or both doses of IL‐4 enhanced the cell viability. This work provides new insight on the participation of LPS, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐4 and IL‐10 in LTB₄ and LTC₄ production/release from porcine endometrial endothelial cells, and the effect of above factors on these cells viability. The used cellular model gives the possibility to further establish the interactions between inflammatory mediators.     

Interleukin-1β inhibits AKT to down-regulate eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

AIM To investigate whether interleukin-1β （IL-1β） regulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase （eNOS） phosphorylation at Ser1177 site in human umbilical vein endothelial cells （HUVECs）, and to explore its possible mechanism. METHODS The HUVECs were randomly divided into normal control group, tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） group, IL-1β group, IL-6 group, SC79 ［protein kinase B （PKB/AKT） specific agonist］ group and SC79+IL-1β group. Western blot was used to determine the protein levels of eNOS, p-eNOS-Ser1177, AKT and p-AKT-Ser473 in the HUVECs. Chemical colorimetry was used to detect the nitric oxide （NO） content in the culture medium of HUVECs. RESULTS No statistically significant difference of p-eNOS-Ser1177 level in HUVECs treated with TNF-α and IL-6 was observed as compared with normal control group （P>0.05）, while the protein level of p-eNOS-Ser1177 in the HUVECs and the content of NO in the culture medium of HUVECs decreased significantly in IL-1β group （P<0.05）, and the protein level of p-AKT-Ser473 in the HUVECs was decreased as compared with normal control group （P<0.05）. The AKT agonist SC79 blocked the down-regulation effect of IL-1β on p-eNOS-Ser1177 level in the HUVECs and NO content in the culture medium of HUVECs （P<0.05）. CONCLUSION IL-1β down-regulates the protein level of p-eNOS-Ser1177 in HUVECs and affects the activity of eNOS, which may be involved in AKT/eNOS signaling pathway.     

Qualitative tear film and conjunctival goblet cell assessment of cats with corneal sequestra

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the tear film qualitatively and conjunctival goblet cell numbers in cats with and without corneal sequestra. ANIMALS STUDIED AND PROCEDURES: This was a prospective evaluation of 11 cats with corneal sequestra and 14 control eyes that were either the contralateral normal eye when the sequestrum was unilateral or from control cats of similar age with no ocular disease. All cats in this study were examined by a veterinary ophthalmologist. The ophthalmic examinations included a neuro-ophthalmic evaluation, Schirmer tear tests, fluorescein staining, tear film break-up times, applanation tonometry, biomicroscopy, and indirect ophthalmoscopy. The palpebral conjunctiva at the dorsal nasal, ventral nasal, dorsal temporal and ventral temporal fornices were biopsied after topical anesthetic was applied to the cornea and conjunctiva. The conjunctival biopsies were fixed in formalin and sectioned routinely and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and periodic acid-Schiff. These slides were examined by light microscopy by a blinded examiner. Goblet cell numbers were compared to conjunctival basal epithelial cell numbers by region. The goblet cell numbers by region from the eyes with sequestra was statistically compared to those from eyes without sequestra, with a student's paired t-test. Conjunctival swabs were collected from the cats with corneal sequestra and submitted for polymerase chain reaction for Herpes felis, Chlamydia psiitticia, and Mycoplasma felis. The corneal sequestra were removed by surgical keratectomy and fixed and stained routinely, and examined by light microscopy. RESULTS: No neurologic abnormalities were detected in any of the cats. The Schirmer tear tests (eyes with sequestra 14+/-5.1 mm/min; normal eyes 15+/-6.8 mm/min) and intraocular pressures (eyes with sequestra 21+/-6.6; normal eyes 22+/-5.8) were within normal reference ranges for cats. Biomicroscopic examinations revealed varied sizes and depths of brown- and amber-colored corneal sequestra. No abnormalities were noted on indirect ophthalmoscopic examinations. The tear film break-up time was 21 s (+/-12) for the normal eyes (n=14) and 14 s (+/-13) in eyes with corneal sequestra (n=11). The average goblet/epithelial cell ratios by region for the normal eyes and the eyes with sequestra respectively were 0.66, 0.56 for the dorsal nasal fornix, 0.68, 0.57 for the ventral nasal fornix, 0.63, 0.48 for the temporal dorsal fornix, and 0.55, 0.49 for the temporal ventral fornix. There were no significant differences in tear film break-up times and goblet cell numbers in eyes with corneal sequestra and those without sequestra. Three conjunctival swabs from two of 11 cats with sequestra were positive with PCR for Herpes felis virus. These included one cat with bilateral sequestra and one cat with unilateral corneal sequestrum. CONCLUSIONS: The pathogenesis of feline corneal sequestra does not appear to be linked primarily to abnormal goblet cell numbers, qualitative tear film abnormalities, and accelerated tear film break-up time.     

不同培养基对PK15细胞增殖影响的研究

采用无血清液体培养基、DMEM培养基和MEM培养基进行PK15细胞的培养，观察细胞增殖及传代效果，确定无血清液体培养基的营养功能。结果表明：无血清液体培养基只能维持第一代细胞的生长，不能用于第二代后的培养，效果不如DMEM、MEM培养基，且差异显著。     

牛卵丘细胞对卵母细胞体外成熟与孤雌发育的影响

试验以牛卵泡内卵丘-卵母细胞复合体(COCs)为材料,探讨了牛卵丘细胞包裹程度对卵母细胞体外成熟(IVM)和孤雌胚胎(PAEs)发育的影响。试验1,将COCs随机分为2组,在开展IVM前,将其中一组COCs的卵丘细胞机械吹打去除成为机械裸卵(DOs),研究卵丘细胞层存在与否对卵母细胞体外核成熟(排出第一极体)和孤雌激活后发育能力的影响;试验2,根据COCs卵丘细胞包裹层数将COCs分为3组,即卵丘细胞层少(1～4层)的COCs为A组、卵丘细胞层多(5层以上)的COCs为B组及包裹5层以上卵丘细胞且附带卵泡壁颗粒细胞层(FSP)的COCs为C组,研究卵丘细胞层包裹程度对卵母细胞的体外核成熟和孤雌激活后胚胎发育能力的影响。结果表明:卵丘细胞的存在更有利于卵母细胞体外成熟和孤雌胚胎发育;COCs中卵丘细胞包裹层数对卵母细胞体外核成熟率没有显著影响,但包裹卵丘细胞层数多且附带FSP的卵母细胞,其PAEs的囊胚率显著高于包裹卵丘细胞少的卵母细胞PAEs。     

蛋氨酸三肽对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞酪蛋白和小肽转运载体基因表达量的影响

本试验旨在研究蛋氨酸三肽(Met-Met-Met)对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMECs)酪蛋白和小肽转运载体基因表达量的影响。采用酶消化法培养的第3代奶牛乳腺上皮细胞为模型,各处理在培养基中分别添加0(对照)、40、50、60、70和80μg/mL的蛋氨酸三肽,每个处理5个重复,每个重复1个培养孔,分别培养细胞24、48和72h,检测奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的相对增殖率,整体试验重复2次,确定最佳培养时间;各处理在培养基中分别添加0(对照)、40、50、60、70和80μg/mL的蛋氨酸三肽,每个处理3个重复,每个重复1个培养孔,以最佳培养时间培养,用实时定量PCR法检测酪蛋白基因的表达量,确定适宜蛋氨酸三肽浓度,整体试验重复3次;以最佳培养时间和适宜蛋氨酸三肽浓度培养细胞,以未添加蛋氨酸三肽的培养基为对照,每个处理3个重复,每个重复1个培养孔,测定小肽转运载体基因的表达量,整体试验重复3次。结果表明:在培养基中添加蛋氨酸三肽培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞24h时,相对增殖率最高;培养基中加入60μg/mL的蛋氨酸三肽培养细胞24h,αs1-酪蛋白和β-酪蛋白的基因表达量最高,同时发现奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中小肽转运载体1和小肽转运载体2基因表达量显著高于对照处理(P0.05)。综上所述,培养基中添加60μg/mL的蛋氨酸三肽能够提高奶牛乳腺上皮细胞酪蛋白和肽转运载体基因的表达量。     

Biodegradation of Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonate

The paper researches on the degradation of LAS (Linear Alkyl benzene Sulphonate) by combining AS1.860 immobilized with low intensity ultrasonic irradiation. The paper also discusses the influence of pH, rotary velocity, LAS concentration and the condition of low intensity ultrasonic irradiation on the degradation of LAS, the degradation rate of LAS is the main index of our experiment, the results of orthogonal test shows that low ultrasonic irradiation can increase the metabolizing of microorganism cells and facilitate the biodegradation of immobilized cells to LAS, here we research the degradation condition of 50mg/L LAS simulation wastewater with low ultrasonic irradiation, and the results show that the influence is obvious, the optimization degradation rate is about 83%, nine point five percent higher than that of the immobilized cells without ultrasonic irradiation.     

Effect of propolis water extract on apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro

AIM: To explore the effect of water extract propolis (WEP) from Taishan on apoptosis of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced in vitro by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). METHODS: HUVECs were collect by digestion-perfusion and cultivated. TNF-α at concentration of 50 μg/L was administrated to induce the apoptosis of HUVECs. After injury, HUVECs were treated with WEP at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg/L, respectively, for 24 h. Apoptosis was evaluated by terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) and flow cytometry (FCM). RESULTS: Apoptosis index in injured group was significantly higher than that in control group, and decreased significantly after treating with WEP at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg/L, respectively (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: WEP may be useful for protection of vascular endothelial cells by inhibiting apoptosis.