三七收获机挖掘铲减阻特性分析与试验

针对丘陵山区三七机械化收获挖掘阻力大和根茎损伤率高的问题,以不同铲型挖掘铲为研究对象,开展三七收获机挖掘铲作业机理与参数优化对比试验。通过理论分析与力学计算,确定各铲型挖掘铲主要结构参数,并通过Solidworks建立挖掘铲三维模型。开展4种铲型挖掘铲的位移流向仿真对比试验,追踪根茎颗粒和土壤颗粒空间运动轨迹,获得三轴位移分部,表明野猪头部仿生曲线特殊的曲率变化对破土阻力有显著影响,仿生铲面通过改变土壤颗粒流动方向,从而降低挖掘阻力。利用Design-Expert 13软件,以挖掘铲铲长、铲宽和铲刃倾角为试验因素,以挖掘阻力为试验指标进行组合试验,得到最优作业参数组合为：铲长354mm、铲宽40mm、铲刃倾角70°,在该组合下平均挖掘阻力为439.75N。开展高速摄影试验,获取三七根茎和土壤运动轨迹,结果表明三七根茎和土壤颗粒运动趋势与仿真试验一致,验证离散元模型可靠性。搭建试验台架,以入土角、铲片间距和挖掘速度作为试验因素,以挖掘阻力作为试验指标进行正交试验,得到不同工作参数对挖掘阻力影响的主次顺序为入土角、铲片间距、挖掘速度,最优工作参数组合为入土角15°、铲片间距80mm、挖掘速度0.4m/s。综合评估挖掘铲减黏降阻性能,仿生式挖掘铲作业效果最优。     

三七连作障碍研究进展

目的与三七传统种植模式进行对比,通过三七仿生种植模式探索三七连作障碍的土壤微生态机理,分析三七根际土壤微生物,明确三七传统种植与仿生种植的土壤微生物的多样性差异。方法利用传统的土壤分离微生物方法对三七根际土壤微生物进行多样性分析。结果仿生种植模式下,一年七、二年七和三年七的根际土壤细菌数量比灭菌后未种植三七的土壤(CK)细菌数量分别高90%、122%和77%;而传统种植模式下,二年七和三年七根际土壤的细菌数量分别比CK低37%和41%。仿生种植模式下,3个年份的三七根际土壤中,镰刀菌属的相对分离频率都小于传统种植模式。结论与三七传统种植模式相比,仿生种植模式可以提高细菌在土壤微生物中的含量,抑制镰刀菌的生长,丰富有益微生物的种类,维持土壤微生物菌落结构的平衡。     

Panax notoginseng saponins suppress oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced pyroptosis of SH-SY5Y cells

AIM To investigate the effect of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on pyroptosis of SH-SY5Y cells induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). METHODS The OGD/R was conducted to induce ischemia/reperfusion injury in SH-SY5Y cells. The effects of PNS on the viability (detected by CCK-8 assay) and membrane permeability [indicated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and propidium iodide (PI) staining positive cell proportion] of OGD/R-induced SH-SY5Y cells were observed. The protein levels of gasdermin D (GSDMD), GSDMD N-terminal fragment (GSDMD-N), caspase-1 and caspase-4, and the release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 in the cells were also determined. RESULTS After exposure to OGD/R, the viability of SH-SY5Y cells dramatically decreased (P<0.01), while the LDH leakage, the PI staining positive cell proportion, the protein levels of GSDMD, GSDMD-N, caspase-1 and caspase-4, and the release of IL-1β and IL-18 were significantly increased (P<0.01). However, PNS treatment enhanced the viability of SH-SY5Y cells inhibited by OGD/R (P<0.01), but reduced the leakage of LDH and the percentage of PI staining positive cells (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Moreover, PNS reversed the increases in the protein levels of GSDMD, GSDMD-N, caspase-1 and caspase-4 and the release of IL-1β and IL-18 in OGD/R-induced SH-SY5Y cells (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION Treatment with PNS alleviates OGD/R-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells. Its mechanism may be related to inhibition of SH-SY5Y cell pyroptosis induced by OGD/R.     

计算机软件模拟α-乳白蛋白与皂苷的分子对接

皂苷小分子具有很强的生理活性,在人体中必须与靶细胞生物大分子相互作用才能发挥其生物作用。α-乳白蛋白（α-lactalbumin,α-LA）是球状蛋白质,能结合疏水配体,在食品工业作为功能性配料。采用计算机模拟的方法,对2类皂苷（达玛烷型皂苷和齐墩果型皂苷）和α-LA相互作用进行研究,并获得其相互作用模式的相关图像。分子对接结果表明,2种类型的皂苷与α-LA活性口袋内的氨基酸残基均以疏水相互作用及氢键作用结合,但达玛烷型皂苷结构更复杂,可以提供更多结合位点,且其形成氢键的作用力更强。     

苜蓿皂苷对大鼠肝脏及肝脏细胞低密度脂蛋白受体、三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体mRNA表达的影响

本试验旨在研究苜蓿皂苷对大鼠肝脏及大鼠肝脏细胞(BRL细胞)胆固醇清除和转运途径中关键基因低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLR)、三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体G5(ABCG5)、三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体G8(ABCG8)mRNA表达量的影响,从个体和细胞水平初步探讨苜蓿皂苷调控胆固醇清除和转运的分子机制。采用高脂饲粮建立大鼠高脂模型,测定苜蓿皂苷对正常、高脂大鼠血清指标[总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量]和肝脏LDLR、ABCG5、ABCG8 mRNA表达量的影响;采用高糖DMEM培养液建立BRL细胞脂变模型,测定苜蓿皂苷浓度对BRL细胞活性的影响,测定苜蓿皂苷对正常、脂变细胞LDLR、ABCG5、ABCG8 mRNA表达量的影响。结果表明:1)苜蓿皂苷显著降低高脂大鼠血清中TG、TC和LDL-C的含量(P0.05);2)苜蓿皂苷显著上调正常大鼠肝脏LDLR、ABCG5、ABCG8及高脂大鼠ABCG5、ABCG8 mRNA表达量(P0.05);3)添加200、250μg/m L苜蓿皂苷显著提高了BRL细胞的活性(P0.05);4)苜蓿皂苷显著上调正常BRL细胞LDLR、ABCG5、ABCG8 mRNA表达量(P0.05),而对脂变BRL细胞各基因mRNA表达量无显著影响(P0.05)。结果提示,苜蓿皂苷可通过调控LDLR、ABCG5、ABCG8 mRNA的表达来增加肝细胞内胆固醇的清除和转运,从而降低机体胆固醇的含量。     

论人参种植业发展途径

讨论了传统伐林栽参模式的缺陷及农田栽参、林下护育山参的优势,明确了农田栽参是我国人参种植业发展的首要途径;林下护育山参是人参种植业发展的主要途径;同时提出解决老参地问题是目前人参种植业的关键所在。     

Fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) hepatotoxicosis in horses and sheep

BACKGROUND: Fourteen horses at a boarding stable in Virginia were diagnosed with hepatic disease and locally grown hay was implicated as the cause. HYPOTHESIS: Panicum dichotomiflorum, the predominant grass species in the hay, is hepatotoxic to horses. ANIMALS: Naturally occurring cases were adult horses of various breeds. Two healthy adult horses and 2 healthy adult sheep were used in feeding trials. METHODS: Blood and liver specimens collected from affected animals during the outbreak were analyzed. Some of the affected animals were treated supportively; the main intervention was hay withdrawal. Feeding trials were not blinded and no treatments were provided. Blood and liver specimens were collected and analyzed throughout the trials. RESULTS: Five affected animals were euthanized, whereas the others recovered. One research horse was euthanized for postmortem examination, and the other research animals recovered after hay withdrawal. All affected animals had evidence of hepatic disease with abnormally high aspartate aminotransferase (AST), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Evaluation of liver biopsy specimens disclosed mild lymphocytic and histiocytic inflammation, mild vacuolar change (hydropic degeneration), prominently clumped chromatin, and necrosis of individual hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Severe hepatotoxicosis developed rapidly after Panicum hay exposure. Patchy hepatocyte necrosis was observed, implicating apoptosis as the mechanism of hepatotoxicosis. Absence of fibrosis in the research animals indicates that immediate withdrawal of Panicum hay should allow all but severely affected animals to recover from acute exposure.     

Triterpene saponins of Quillaja saponaria show strong aphicidal and deterrent activity against the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum

BACKGROUND: Saponins are a class of secondary plant metabolites consisting of a sugar moiety glycosidically linked to a hydrophobic aglycone (sapogenin) that often possess insecticidal activities. Four saponins were selected: two triterpene saponins, Q. saponaria saponins and aescin, and two steroidal saponins, digitonin and diosgenin. Their effects were investigated on an important pest species and a model piercing‐sucking insect, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. The triterpene Q. saponaria saponins bark saponin received special attention because of its high activity. Aphids were challenged by oral and contact exposure to demonstrate aphicidal activities, and in choice experiments to support use as a natural deterrent. RESULTS: When aphids were exposed to supplemented artificial diet for 3 days, a strong aphicidal activity was recorded for three of the four saponins, with an LC₅₀ of 0.55 mg mL^?1 for Q. saponaria saponins, 0.62 mg mL^?1 for aescin and 0.45 mg mL^?1 for digitonin. The LT₅₀ values ranged between 1 and 4 days, depending on the dose. For diosgenin, only low toxicity (14%) was scored for concentrations up to 5 mg mL^?1. In choice experiments with treated diet, a deterrence index of 0.97 was scored for Q. saponaria saponins at 1 mg mL^?1. In contrast, direct contact showed no repellent effect. Spraying of faba bean plants with Q. saponaria saponins resulted in an LC₅₀ of 8.2 mg mL^?1. Finally, histological analysis in aphids fed with Q. saponaria saponins demonstrated strong aberrations of the aphid gut epithelium, and exposure of midgut CF‐203 cell lines to Q. saponaria saponins in vitro confirmed the cytotoxic effect. CONCLUSIONS: The present insect experiments provide strong evidence that saponins, as tested here with triterpene Q. saponaria saponins, can be useful as natural aphicides and deterrents. Furthermore, the insect midgut epithelium is suggested to be a primary target of saponin activity.Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

南艾蒿对几种田七病原菌的抑制效果试验

采用菌丝生长速率法,研究南艾蒿(Artemisia verlotorum Lamotte)乙醇提取物及其萃取物、乙酸乙酯相活性富集片段对田七(Panax notoginseng)主要病害病原菌的抑制作用。结果表明,10 mg/m L的南艾蒿乙醇提取物对田七炭疽病原胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotriehum gloeosporioides)、田七根腐病原茄镰孢(Fusarium solani)、田七黑斑病原人参链格孢(Alternaria panax)的菌丝生长抑制作用明显,最大抑制率分别为89.66%、74.42%和75.93%;萃取物中乙酸乙酯萃取物对3种病原菌抑制率最大,分别为90.41%、82.68%、71.79%;富集片段F2在10 mg/m L浓度下对3种病原菌菌丝生长抑制率均达到100%。     

人参发根的愈伤组织诱导

采用L9(34)正交试验设计方法研究了2,4-D、KT和6-BA3种植物生长调节物质在人参发根愈伤组织诱导中的作用.结果表明:人参发根愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基为MS 2,4-D1mg/L 6-BA0.1mg/L;人参发根愈伤组织生长的最优培养基为MS 2,4-D1.5mg/L KT1.5mg/L.