人参花芽分化的形态学研究

目的揭示人参花芽形态建成的内在规律性,为人参花芽分化的调控提供理论指导。方法采用石蜡切片法,利用光学显微镜观察人参花芽分化形态。结果人参的花芽分化从芽苞原基分化开始到花芽形态建成结束经历2年的时间,当人参地上部分处于浆果红熟期时,其越冬芽的分化正处于由叶原基分化向花序原基分化转变的时期。人参花芽分化具有明显的时空差异性。     

钙对人参某些生物学性状和生理指标的影响

为明确必需元素钙对人参生长的影响,利用水培试验在霍格兰氏营养液基础上,设置3个钙浓度梯度作为处理:分别为0.25(低钙组),4(正常组),16(高钙组)mmol/L,研究钙胁迫下人参生物学特征及其体内生理响应机制。试验结果表明:与正常组相比,低钙处理人参叶片深绿、面积小且皱缩,茎弯曲,根系弱小、侧根少且呈红褐色,高钙组人参叶片黄绿,侧根发达;高钙阻碍了人参叶片叶绿素的合成,提高了叶片光合捕光能力,叶绿素含量为2.692 mg/g,叶绿素a与叶绿素b比值为2.602;低钙破坏了细胞膜透性,增大了人参茎电解质渗透率,其电解质渗透率是正常组的2.1倍,为35.64%;人参根系活力的比较,正常组高钙组低钙组(P0.05)分别为53.94,49.32,42.74μg/(g·h);人参各器官的钙积累随着钙浓度的增加而相应增大,其中人参叶片增加的幅度最大,其钙含量为1.751 mg/g。     

三七连作障碍成因及其控制研究进展

针对目前三七连作障碍严重的现状,从土壤理化性状劣变、生物学环境变化、三七化感自毒作用三方面概述了三七连作障碍形成机理的研究进展;总结了三七连作障碍的主要防治途径,包括选培优良品种、进行土壤处理、采用平衡施肥法、加强田间管理以及合理轮作;并在此基础上对进一步的研究方向提出展望。     

基于ITS2条形码的人参属物种鉴定研究

人参属植物种类繁多,多数具有重要的生物学及药用价值。采用植物DNA条形码候选序列之一的ITS2片段鉴定人参属药用植物。结果表明,ITS2基因区通用性强,序列在人参属物种间差异较大,属内变异位点为41个,保守位点189个,种内遗传距离为0~0.004,种间遗传距离为0.006~0.098,平均遗传距离为0.044。基于K2P模型构建的系统发育树(NJ树)显示,同一物种均聚为一类。因此,ITS2作为DNA条形码能够有效地区别人参属物种,为人参属药材及其伪混品的鉴定提供基础。     

双水相体系萃取油楠种子总皂苷的研究

利用双水相萃取技术提取分离油楠种子中的总皂苷,以乙醇/硫酸铵为双水相萃取体系,研究乙醇质量分数、硫酸铵质量分数、p H值、温度等因素对萃取效果的影响。结果表明:在乙醇质量分数为30%,硫酸铵质量分数为20%,p H6.0,温度为30℃的萃取条件下,油楠总皂苷在两相的分配系数为12.60,回收率为94.8%。该方法可用于油楠种子中总皂苷的提取分离。     

低钾胁迫对西洋参某些生理特性的影响

为明确钾对西洋参幼苗生理特性的影响,运用水培试验技术,在霍格兰营养液基础上,设置4个钾浓度梯度为处理,分别为0,0.6,2.0,6.0 mmol/L,探索钾胁迫对西洋参幼苗叶片光合特性、碳氮代谢以及活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明:叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量均随着钾浓度的增加呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,并在2.0 mmol/L的浓度下达到峰值,分别为12.88,6.96,19.84 mg/g。根系活力随着钾浓度的增加而逐渐增加,高钾浓度处理组比缺钾处理组西洋参根系活力高36.91%。缺钾显著降低了西洋参幼苗叶片的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量。随着钾浓度的降低西洋参幼苗叶片MDA含量逐渐升高,SOD、POD和CAT等保护酶类的活性逐渐增强。低浓度的钾导致西洋参幼苗光合作用、根系活力和碳氮代谢等生理指标的下降以及膜脂过氧化作用的增强,从而抑制了西洋参幼苗的健康生长。     

不同产地西洋参主要活性成分检测与品质评价

为了了解不同产地西洋参的质量,应用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法和分光光度法对不同产地西洋参有效成分进行测定和分析。结果表明,总皂苷、还原糖、总糖、氨基酸以及微量元素含量在不同产地西洋参中存在不同程度的差异。总皂苷含量从低到高的顺序依次为吉林抚松、山东文登、陕西留坝和加拿大多伦多样品,分别为3.12%、3.26%、3.44%和5.19%;留坝样品还原糖含量最高,为6.18%;多伦多样品总糖含量最高,为35.30%。各地西洋参样品微量元素存在差异,多伦多的铝、镁和钼含量最高,留坝的钙、钼、钾和硒含量较高,文登的钴、钾、锰、钠、铁、硒、锌、铝和镍含量较高。所有检测样品的重金属和有害元素含量均在国家对中药材的限定标准之内。     

威灵仙酒炙提取工艺研究

以威灵仙根部为原料,采用黄酒用量、干燥条件、提取时间三因素,三水平的L9（34）正交试验设计,以水煎物干膏提取率、薄层层析检测威灵仙中的三萜皂苷为主要考核指标。结果表明：黄酒用量对威灵仙总皂苷提取率有极显著影响,烘干条件有显著影响,提取时间对试验结果影响不显著,表明影响因素最大的是黄酒用量,其次是干燥条件。     

Accumulation of Sapogenin Conjugates and Histological Changes in the Liver and Kidneys of Lambs Suffering from Alveld,a Hepatogenous Photosensitization Disease of Sheep Grazing Narthecium ossifragum

Sixteen lambs exhibiting hepatogenous photosensitization (alveld) after grazing pasture containing Narthecium ossifragum and seven nonphotosensitized lambs grazing the same pastures were studied. All the alveld-affected lambs revealed liver damage dominated by single cell necrosis, portal fibroplasia and bile duct proliferation. Crystalloid clefts were demonstrated in the bile ducts of two and in the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells of nine photosensitized lambs. Plasma bilirubin concentration was severely increased in ten of the cases of alveld whereas the activity of aspartate aminotransferase was moderately to severely increased in seven cases. The activity of glutamate dehydrogenase was moderately elevated in one of the photosensitized lambs. The main histopathological findings in the kidneys from the alveld-affected lambs were dilated tubules, often with eosinophilic material in the tubular lumina. Regenerative changes were seen in a large proportion of the renal sections. Elevated plasma concentrations of urea and creatinine, and the renal histopathological changes, suggested that the photosensitized lambs had been through a phase of renal injury. Analysis of the free and conjugated sapogenin content in liver tissue and bile was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. There were significantly higher concentrations of conjugated episapogenins in both the liver and bile in the alveld-affected lambs than in the nonphotosensitized lambs.     

Effects of Momordica grosvenori Saponins on Type 2 Diabetes Rats Induced by High-sucrose/High-fat Diet and Streptozotocin

The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of Momordica grosvenori saponins on improving the effect of high-sucrose/high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes in rats.The type 2 diabetes rat model was established with a high-sucrose and high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin.Successfully modeled rats were given the total saponins of Momordica grosvenori (100,200,400 mg/kg) or metformin (268 mg/kg) by gavage,once a day for 4 weeks.Recording the "three more and one less"index (24 h internal urine output,water intake and feed intake,body weight);Detecting of biochemical indicators,analysis of fasting blood glucose (FBG),serum total cholesterol (TC),triglycerides (TG),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),insulin (INS),catalase (CAT),superoxide dismutase (SOD),malondialdehyde (MDA),alanine aminotransferase (AST),aspartate aminotransferase (ALT),blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) levels.Hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) was used to observe the pathological changes of the pancreas.Compared with the model group,the feed intake,water intake,urine output,blood indicators FBG,INS,MDA,TC,TG,BUN and Cr levels,AST and ALT activities were significantly or extremely significantly decreased in the total saponins of Momordica grosvenori each dose group and metformin group (P<0.05;P<0.01),while CAT,SOD activities and HDL-C level were significantly or extremely significantly increased (P<0.05;P<0.01).In pancreatic tissue,the number of pancreatic cells was increased significantly,and the pathological damage of the pancreas was significantly reduced. Momordica grosvenori saponins and metformin had obvious effects on improving glucose metabolism disorders,and at the same time could significantly reduce insulin resistance,enhance the body’s ability to resist oxidative stress and improve liver and kidney functions.