Ophthalmic and cone derived electrodiagnostic findings in outbred Miniature Long-haired Dachshunds homozygous for a RPGRIP1 mutation

Objective To investigate ophthalmic and cone‐derived electrodiagnostic findings in outbred Miniature Long‐haired Dachshunds (MLHD) homozygous for a mutation in the RPGRIP1 gene previously associated with cone‐rod dystrophy 1 (cord1). Animals A total of 36 MLHD homozygous for the RPGRIP1 mutation and 23 dogs clear of the mutation (control group). Procedures The dogs underwent ophthalmic examination and photopic electroretinogram (ERG) recordings. Results None of the control dogs presented with clinical or ophthalmic signs consistent with cord1. Amongst the dogs homozygous for the mutation one presented with bilateral symmetrical total retinal atrophy. None of the other dogs in this group showed signs consistent with cord1. Photopic ERG recordings were available in 23 control dogs and 34 dogs homozygous for the mutation. Photopic a‐ and b‐waves following four light stimuli (3 cdS/m²) at a rate of 5.1 Hz were not significantly different between groups. The amplitudes of the 30 Hz flicker (128 flashes, 3 cdS/m²) response were significantly reduced in the dogs homozygous for the PRGRIP1 mutation. The difference in age between the two groups did not significantly affect the difference. Conclusion Homozygosity of the RPGRIP1 mutation does not invariably result in early onset cord1. However, cone derived ERG recordings show evidence of a reduced cone or inner retinal function in homozygous but clinically normal MLHD. Modifying genes that have yet to be identified may influence an individual dog’s risk of developing the blinding cord1 and also the age of onset and rate of progression.     

PRA理论和方法的学习与能力建设--《PRA理论与方法》培训项目回顾

通过《PRA理论与方法》培训项目回顾，认为：树立参与式农村发展理念是学习和掌握PRA理论和方法的基础；在参与式农村发展理念的指导下的PRA方法实践是能力建设的重要途径。     

有害生物风险分析研究进展评述

文章主要介绍有害生物风险分析(PRA)的研究进展，PRA数据资源获得途径，PRA主要的分析模式及软件。同时简要介绍国内外从事PRA的主要机构以及相关网站，为PRA的资料收集提供参考。     

森林小组运用参与式方法的实践回顾

森林小组是云南省PRA网最大的小组.文中介绍了该小组应用和实践参与式调查方法方面的主要活动,回顾了森林小组应用参与式方法所开展林业调研项目,对该小组今后的发展方向提出了几点建议.     

农村低保制度建设中的参与和赋权:贵州省K乡的案例研究

以贵州省长顺县K乡建立农村社区低保制度为案例,分析了政府以不同形式赋权于农民及农民在各个阶段、不同利益主体间权力互动中的参与,并对前后2种赋权形式下的参与及其效果进行了比较,旨在总结参与式方法在政府制度供给和对农民赋权过程中的应用经验.透过吉登斯的"权力互动"视角,从"知情权"、"决策权"、"受益权"、"监督权"和"评估权"5个关键维度分析了政府的赋权实践.     

Rural participatory buffer zone management in northeastern Thailand

The past protected area management system which emphasized the ownership and control of forest by the state and overlooked the interaction between human and resources has failed because the annual rate of deforestation in Thailand is still as high as 2.6%. This paper aims to introduce a new approach to protected area management that would involve local people in the process. A case of buffer zone management through collaborative efforts is examined here. The project is located at the southeastern corner of the buffer zone of Phu Kheio Wildlife Sanctuary, Northeastern Thailand. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques including secondary data study, physical survey, participatory meeting, and semi-structured interviewing were employed in data gathering. The results discussed here suggest that there is a chance to create a better understanding among rural people of the importance of afforestation and nature conservation that will lead to a better management of resources in the future.     

外来入侵生物的危害与管理对策

随着国际贸易往来和旅游业的发展,生物入侵在我国不断加剧,已经成为威胁我国生物多样性与生态环境的重要因素之一。外来入侵种的生态代价是造成本地物种多样性不可弥补的消失以及物种的灭绝,其经济代价是农林牧渔业产量与质量的惨重损失与高额的防治费用。本文探讨了外来入侵生物的概念及其在我国的危害特点和状况,提出了外来入侵生物的预防及管理的一般对策。     

新时期的社会经济本底调查工作

论述了新时期社会经济本底调查工作的意义、方法和调查的主要内容。通过两个案例详细介绍了调查报告的编写方法。     

Farmers' Perceptions on Rice Varieties in Sikasso Region of Mali and their Implications for Rice Breeding

Rice is an important staple food and cash crop. Although many varieties of rice have been developed to date, few are adopted possibly because researchers did not take into account farmers’ preferences and perceptions on varieties during the development process. Because farmers increasingly rely on low-yielding landraces, production fails to meet demand. To provide an understanding of farmers’ preferences for rice cultivars and perceptions on drought stress and management practices as inputs to rice breeding research, this study was conducted in the Sikasso region of Mali in September 2005 using participatory rural appraisal approach. A total number of 125 farmers were randomly selected from 10 villages in three ecologies and interviewed individually and in groups. Results showed that farmers’ preferences, crop management practices and ranking of production constraints differed significantly across ecologies. Whereas farmers in the irrigated ecologies preferred high-yielding, long duration rice varieties, those in the upland and lowland ecologies preferred tall plants of short duration. While upland and lowland farmers preferred red and white long grains, respectively, irrigated ecologies were indifferent about grain colour. Farmers appeared willing to trade-off yield for grain quality and plant height, inconsistent with traditional breeders’ selection criteria. The high preference for tall varieties among farmers in the upland and lowland ecologies also contrasted sharply with the model of dwarf rice varieties responsible for the green revolution in Asia. The implication of these findings for rice breeders is that different plant idiotypes complemented by effective drought management practices should target different ecologies to increase impact.     

云南金平马鞍底乡森林资源管理模式调查

应用参与式农村评估（PRA）的调查方法和技术,调查并分析了云南省金平县马鞍底乡的森林资源管理模式,对保护社区居民利益、森林资源可持续管理和利用、社区发展等提出建议．