The cytochrome P450 superfamily: Key players in plant development and defense

The cytochrome P450(CYP) superfamily is the largest enzymatic protein family in plants, and it also widely exists in mammals, fungi, bacteria, insects and so on. Members of this superfamily are involved in multiple metabolic pathways with distinct and complex functions, playing important roles in a vast array of reactions. As a result, numerous secondary metabolites are synthesized that function as growth and developmental signals or protect plants from various biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we summarize the characterization of CYPs, as well as their phylogenetic classification. We also focus on recent advances in elucidating the roles of CYPs in mediating plant growth and development as well as biotic and abiotic stresses responses, providing insights into their potential utilization in plant breeding.     

Soil phosphorus dynamic,balance and critical P values in longterm fertilization experiment in Taihu Lake region,China

Phosphorus(P) is an important macronutrient for plant but can also cause potential environmental risk. In this paper, we studied the long-term fertilizer experiment(started 1980) to assess the soil P dynamic, balance, critical P value and the crop yield response in Taihu Lake region, China. To avoid the effect of nitrogen(N) and potassium(K), only the following treatments were chosen for subsequent discussion, including: C0(control treatment without any fertilizer or organic manure), CNK treatment(mineral N and K only), CNPK(balanced fertilization with mineral N, P and K), MNK(integrated organic manure and mineral N and K), and MNPK(organic manure plus balanced fertilization). The results revealed that the response of wheat yield was more sensitive than rice, and no significant differences of crop yield had been detected among MNK, CNPK and MNPK until 2013. Dynamic and balance of soil total P(TP) and Olsen-P showed soil TP pool was enlarged significantly over consistent fertilization. However, the diminishing marginal utility of soil Olsen-P was also found, indicating that high-level P application in the present condition could not increase soil Olsen-P contents anymore. Linear-linear and Mitscherlich models were used to estimate the critical value of Olsen-P for crops. The average critical P value for rice and wheat was 3.40 and 4.08 mg kg~(–1), respectively. The smaller critical P value than in uplands indicated a stronger ability of P supply for crops in this paddy soil. We concluded that no more mineral P should be applied in rice-wheat system in Taihu Lake region if soil Olsen-P is higher than the critical P value. The agricultural technique and management referring to activate the plant-available P pool are also considerable, such as integrated use of low-P organic manure with mineral N and K.     

磷钾配合施用对茼蒿品质的影响

为研究不同磷肥和钾肥耦合对蔬菜品质的影响,以茼蒿为实验材料,通过盆栽试验,研究不同浓度磷肥施用并配施不同种类钾肥下茼蒿维生素C(Vc),还原糖和氨基酸含量。结果表明：同等磷肥施用量条件下,配施不同钾肥处理茼蒿Vc、还原糖、氨基酸含量整体上分别表现为KH2PO4＞KNO3＞KCl＞K2SO4＞CK、KH2PO4＞K2SO4＞KNO3＞KCl＞CK和KH2PO4＞KNO3＞CK＞K2SO4＞KCl;不同磷肥施用量配施同种钾肥时,茼蒿Vc、还原糖、氨基酸含量普遍表现为随磷肥用量的增加而增加;配合KH2PO4施用在不同磷肥施用量条件下茼蒿Vc、还原糖、氨基酸含量均最高,其中在高水平Ca(H2PO4) 2条件下配施KH2PO4,茼蒿Vc、还原糖、氨基酸含量达最大值。     

猪源大肠杆菌O157:H7体外氟苯尼考耐药诱导及对抗菌药物敏感性变化研究

为初步研究猪源大肠杆菌O157:H7 (E.coli O157:H7)对氟苯尼考耐药性的产生和消除机制,本研究采用亚抑菌浓度体外耐药诱导的方法将两株猪源大肠杆菌O157:H7诱导成氟苯尼考高度耐药菌株,采用无氟苯尼考压力下连续传代培养的方法将获得的氟苯尼考耐药菌株的氟苯尼考耐药性消除,检测耐药诱导菌和耐药消除菌对抗菌药物的敏感性,并检测菌株质粒携带的耐药基因。结果显示,经氟苯尼考耐药诱导,猪源大肠杆菌O157:H7对氟苯尼考、阿莫西林、头孢唑啉、头孢拉定和头孢噻吩由敏感变为耐药,对头孢噻肟的敏感性由敏感变为中介,对氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和阿奇霉素由中介变为耐药;而经耐药消除后,菌株恢复对上述药物的敏感性;在菌株的质粒中检测到氟苯尼考耐药基因、喹诺酮类耐药基因和β-内酰胺酶基因,与耐药表型相符。结果表明,在氟苯尼考压力的长期存在下,猪源大肠杆菌O157:H7对氟苯尼考产生耐药,且对青霉素类、头孢类和喹诺酮类药物产生交叉耐药,在去除氟苯尼考压力下连续培养,可消除菌株的部分耐药性。     

Isolation and Expression Analysis of CYP9A11 and Cytochrome P450 Reductase Gene in the Beet Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs), as an enzyme superfamily, is widely distributed in organisms and plays a vital function in the metabolism of exogenous and endogenous compounds by interacting with its obligatory redox partner, CYP reductase (CPR). A novel CYP gene (CYP9A11) and CPR gene from the agricultural pest insect Spodoptera exigua were cloned and characterized. The complete cDNA sequences of SeCYP9A11 and SeCPR are 1,931 and 3,919 bp in length, respectively, and contain open reading frames of 1,593 and 2,070 nucleotides, respectively. Analysis of the putative protein sequences indicated that SeCYP9A11 contains a heme-binding domain and the unique characteristic sequence (SRFALCE) of the CYP9 family, in addition to a signal peptide and transmembrane segment at the N-terminal. Alignment analysis revealed that SeCYP9A11 shares the highest sequence similarity with CYP9A13 from Mamestra brassicae, which is 66.54%. The putative protein sequence of SeCPR has all of the classical CPR features, such as an N-terminal membrane anchor; three conserved domain flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) domain; and characteristic binding motifs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SeCPR shares the highest identity with HaCPR, which is 95.21%. The SeCYP9A11 and SeCPR genes were detected in the midgut, fat body, and cuticle tissues, and throughout all of the developmental stages of S. exigua. The mRNA levels of SeCYP9A11 and SeCPR decreased remarkably after exposure to plant secondary metabolites quercetin and tannin. The results regarding SeCYP9A11 and SeCPR genes in the current study provide foundation for the further study of S. exigua P450 system.     

外源H2O2对沙打旺抗黄矮根腐病的影响

本研究以沙打旺抗病和感病品种为材料,接种埃里砖格孢孢子悬浮液后分别施加外源H₂O₂及其清除剂AsA,通过统计发病率、病情指数及测定POD、PPO、CAT、SOD、Glu和Cht六种病程相关蛋白酶活性,研究H₂O₂对沙打旺抗黄矮根腐病的影响。结果表明,接种埃里砖格孢后2种沙打旺H₂O₂含量高于未接种植株,且感病品种在38 h H₂O₂含量最高,为929 μmol/g,抗病品种最高值出现在24 h,为986 μmol/g。抗病、感病沙打旺发病率、病情指数在H₂O₂处理后最低,施加AsA最高。H₂O₂处理各种酶活性都有不同程度的增加,且对抗病品种酶活性提高大于感病品种,表明外施H₂O₂可以减缓沙打旺黄矮根腐病的发生和侵染。表明H₂O₂与沙打旺抗病性紧密相关,并通过调节病程相关酶活性来增强沙打旺对黄矮根腐病的抗性,减少侵染率。     

Comparative Study on Growth Performance of Transgenic(Over-Expressed OsNHX1) and Wild-Type Nipponbare under Different Salinity Regimes

Transgenic Nipponbare which over-expressed a Na+/H+ antiporter gene OsNHX1 was used to compare its growth performance, water status and photosynthetic efficiency with its wild type under varying salinity regimes. Chlorophyll content, quantum yield and photosynthetic rate were measured to assess the impact of salinity stress on photosynthetic efficiency for transgenic and wild-type Nipponbare. Effects of salinity on water status and gas exchange to both lines were studied by measuring water use efficiency, instantaneous transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. Dry shoot weight and leaf area were determined after three months of growth to assess the impacts of salinity on the growth of those two lines. Our study showed that both lines were affected by salinity stress, however, the transgenic line showed higher photosynthetic efficiency, better utilization of water, and better growth due to low transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. Reduction of photosynthetic efficiency exhibited by the wild-type Nipponbare was correlated to its poor growth under salinity stress.     

东海原甲藻在氮、磷限制胁迫下的补偿生长

以长江口及其邻近海域最重要的甲藻赤潮生物种东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu)为研究材料, 观察其对氮、磷营养限制胁迫的耐受程度以及恢复营养条件下补偿生长的情况。研究实验分营养限制和恢复营养两个阶段进行, 每个阶段均设置对照组、贫营养组、限氮组、限磷组和限氮限磷组。研究结果显示, 在氮、磷营养限制胁迫下, 东海原甲藻生长受到抑制, 其中磷限制对藻细胞生长的抑制作用最小, 氮磷共同限制的抑制作用最大。限磷组最大细胞密度为78×10⁴ cell·mL^–1, 与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05), 但显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05)。细胞各项生长参数和叶绿素a的含量, 与细胞密度类似, 其中限磷组的最大细胞日生长速率、最大平均相对生产率、最小细胞代时、最大叶绿素a含量分别为0.61 d^–1、0.44 d^–1、1.58 d和694.2 μg·μL^–1, 与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05), 而与其他处理组则有显著差异(P< 0.05)。藻细胞所受到抑制作用随着培养时间的推移而加强。后期, 限磷组和其他处理组的细胞密度均显著低于对照组(P<0.05), 处理组各细胞参数均显著劣于对照组(P<0.05)。在恢复营养的培养前期, 4个经过营养限制处理组的生长情况均显著优于持续营养正常条件下培养的对照组(P<0.05)。表明东海原甲藻细胞表现出较强的超补偿生长能力, 其中磷限制后表现出的超补偿能力最强。由此可知, 东海原甲藻补偿生长的主要特征表现为, 在恢复营养培养后, 各处理组比对照组细胞数增多, 叶绿素a含量增高, 细胞日生长速率和平均相对生长率提高, 细胞数净增率高达10.30%~80.95%, 细胞代时缩短。根据研究结果认为, 东海原甲藻具有较强的耐受低磷能力, 而在营养条件恢复情况下, 经历低磷胁迫的东海原甲藻又具有最强超补偿生长能力, 使得其在与硅藻竞争中居于优势, 这是东海原甲藻赤潮在中国沿海海域频繁暴发的原因之一。本研究旨在为揭示长江口及其邻近的东海海域甲藻赤潮逐年大规模暴发机理以及硅藻与甲藻赤潮种的演替现象提供依据。

     

皱纹盘鲍4个群体与九孔鲍16S rRN A基因遗传差异分析

采用PCR方法扩增了皱纹盘鲍（4个群体）和九孔鲍（1个群体）共5个群体（53个样本）16S rRNA基因片段（16S）,测序获得了1000 bp核苷酸序列,其中669 bp核苷酸序列用于遗传差异分析,旨在评估我国皱纹盘鲍不同群体间及其与九孔鲍间的遗传差异。从52个序列中共检测到17种单倍型,其中皱纹盘鲍4个群体有13种单倍型,九孔鲍1个群体（9个样本）有4种单倍型。单倍型核苷酸序列比对显示,变异位点占比对位点的20．5％,基于单倍型的皱纹盘鲍4个群体间的遗传距离为0．002～0．011,平均为0．005;九孔鲍群体内的平均遗传距离为0．004,两种鲍间的平均遗传距离为0．218;两种鲍间的遗传分化系数 F‐统计量 FST平均为0．982,皱纹盘鲍4群体间的 FST值为0．0051～0．0065。本研究显示2种鲍群体内16S变异很小。系统发育分析鲍属11种鲍的聚类关系,显示皱纹盘鲍与盘鲍、日本鲍交叉聚为一支,九孔鲍与杂色鲍也交叉聚为一支,4个种类未聚成单系支。     

Dietary calcium requirement in fishes

The dietary requirement of calcium (Ca) has been well established in terrestrial animals. However, investigations for dietary Ca requirement in fish are complicated and reports limited as fish can use waterborne Ca in addition to dietary Ca. Ca absorption in fishes from environmental water is species specific and depends on concentration of Ca in rearing environment and availability of dietary Ca. Ca and phosphorus are generally combined together in fish body therefore maintaining a dietary calcium: phosphorus ratio is important. Ca exists in a complex form in fish meal, which is not available to fishes; hence, although fish meal contains an appreciable amount of calcium, dietary Ca supplementation in fish meal‐based diets for some species is necessary. This review article summarizes and discusses pertinent information on absorption of Ca from water, essentiality of dietary Ca, bioavailability of Ca from different sources, optimum calcium:phosphorus ratio and dietary Ca requirement in fishes.