Radiocesium transfer from Andosols to brown rice in the northern and northwest areas of Tochigi Prefecture,in the first 3 years following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident

ABSTRACT

Following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident of 2011, the potential for radiocesium transfer from contaminated soils, such as Andosols, to agricultural crops became a significant concern. Andosols account for up to 70％ of paddy soils in the northern and northwest areas of Tochigi Prefecture, where the radiocesium concentration is 1000 Bq kg^?1 or greater in the soil of some fields. The present study was carried out in order to determine the phytoavailability of radiocesium in Andosols by comparing it with that of gray lowland soils in the first 3 years following the accident. The transfer factor (TF) tended to be higher in Andosols than in gray lowland soils, leading to higher radiocesium concentrations in brown rice grown in Andosols. The exchangeable potassium (Ex-K₂O) in Andosols was highly and negatively correlated with TF, followed by clay. The Ex-K₂O value was positively correlated with the clay/total carbon (T-C) value, suggesting that a high T–C ratio could weaken K₂O adsorption on clay mineral sites; hence, the low clay/T-C values can partially explain the relatively large TF values of Andosols. Samples with Ex-K₂O contents less than 200 mg kg^?1 and with low clay/T-C values showed striking decreases in TF values from 2011 to 2012. However, the decrease from 2012 to 2013 was quite small; radiocesium in these samples was potentially available for rice uptake for a long time, likely due to the reversible adsorption and fixation characteristics of allophane. Most gray lowland soil samples showed very low TF values over the 3 years of the study, except for those with TF values greater than 0.1 due to low Ex-K₂O and clay contents; the geometric mean (GM) value of TF was below 0.01 in 2012. The extraction of exchangeable radiocesium (Ex-Cs) with a 1 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate solution may not be an appropriate method for explaining the variability in radiocesium TF in Andosols. This is because the Ex-Cs value was significantly correlated with Ex-K₂O in Andosols, but not in gray lowland soils, indicating that Ex-K₂O explained this variability in relation to Ex-Cs.     

A new yam bean (Pachyrhizus spp.) interspecific hybrid

The yam bean (Pachyrhizus spp.) is a legume tuber / root crop locally grown in Central America, South America and Asia. The tuber is usually consumed raw for its refreshing taste and high moisture content. A recently found P. tuberosus type from a small ecogeographic region in the tropical lowlands of Peru has a high tuber dry matter content and this so-called Chuin-Type is consumed like manioc. This study was conducted to determine the possibility to use the Chuin-Type as a source to incorporate high dry matter into the remaining yam bean gene pool. Three P. tuberosus (Chuin) accessions were crossed with 15 P. ahipa accessions from the Andean highlands resulting in six successful interspecific hybridisations. Successful crosses were confirmed by morphological and agronomical traits as well as multivariate statistics. All hybrid plants were fertile and vigorous. Owing to the fertility and vigour of interspecific hybrids it is assumed that a hybrid between P. tuberosus and P. ahipa might already evolved in the area of origin and that interspecific hybridisation is appropriate to improve the tuber dry matter content in the yam bean which might give the crop new forms of food and processing use.     

Effect of molecular complexity and acidity of earthworm faeces humic fractions on glutamate dehydrogenase,glutamine synthetase,and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Daucus carota α II cells

Carrot cells were grown in cultures supplemented with two hormones [2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (6BAP)] and two humic fractions extracted from earthworm faeces, one with high acidity and a low apparent molecular size (<3500) and the other with low acidity and a large molecular size. 2,4-D stimulated growth through an effect on cell enlargement, while the strongly acidic humic fraction (0.2 mg l^-1) and the weakly acidic fraction (1 mg l^-1) were both less effective. With 4–16 h of pre-incubation, the highly acid humic fraction, mainly alone, induced the best increase in protein content; the effect of the weakly acid humic fraction and the hormones was generally less important. The two humic fractions also differed in their influence on glutamate dehydrogenase activity. After 2 h of pretreatment, the highly acidic fraction increased glutamate dehydrogenase activity, while the other fraction did not affect it. After 4–16 h of pre-incubation, the activity of this enzyme was still not influenced by these humic fractions. The presence of the two hormones did not interfere with the humic matter effects. Glutamine synthetase activity was not affected by a pre-incubation of up to 4 h with the two humic fractions, but it was stimulated after 8–16 h of pre-incubation. A 2,4-D+6BAP mixture stimulated glutamine synthetase activity (from +12 to +50%). Again, the presence of the hormones did not interfere with the effects induced by the humic fractions. After 16 h of pre-incubation, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity was increased by the highly acidic humic fraction (+93%) and by both humic fractions together (+34%). An explanation of the different incubation times necessary for the humic fractions to exert stimulatory effects on these enzymes is proposed here. The regulatory properties of the strongly acidic humic fraction appeared to depend on the combination of high acidity (expecially carboxylic C) with low molecular size.     

A GC/MS method for the assessment of N and C incorporation into soil amino acid enantiomers

Identifying the transformation process of amino acid enantiomers was essential to probe into the fate, turnover and aging of soil nitrogen due to their important roles in the biogeochemical cycling. If this can be achieved by differentiating between the newly biosynthesized and the inherent compounds in soil, then the isotope tracer method can be considered most valid. We thereby developed a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method to trace the ¹⁵N or ¹³C isotope incorporation into soil amino acid enantiomers after being incubated with ¹⁵NH₄⁺ or U-¹³C-glucose substrates. The most significant fragments (F) as well as the related minor ions were monitored by the full scan mode and the isotope enrichment in amino acids was estimated by calculating the atom percentage excess (APE). ¹⁵NH₄⁺ incorporation was evaluated according to the relative abundance increase of m/z F+1 to F for neutral and acidic amino acids and F+2 to F (mass 439) for lysine. The assessment of ¹³C enrichment in soil amino acids was more complicated than that of ¹⁵N due to multi-carbon atoms in amino acid molecules. The abundance ratio increment of m/z F+n to F (n is the original skeleton carbon number in each fragment) indicated the direct conversion from the added glucose to amino acids, but the total isotope incorporation from the added ¹³C can only be calculated according to all target isotope fragments, i.e. the abundance ratio increment summation from m/z (Fa+1) through m/z (Fa+T) represented the total incorporation of the added ¹³C (Fa is the fragment containing all original skeleton carbons and T is the carbon number in the amino acid molecule). This method has a great advantage especially for the evaluation of high-abundance isotope enrichment in organic compounds compared with GC/C/IRMS. And in principle, this technique is also valid for amino acids besides enantiomers if stereoisomers are not concerned. Our assessment approach could shine a light on investigating the biochemical mechanism of microbial transformation of N and C in soils of terrestrial ecosystem.     

缓/控释氮素肥料玉米苗期养分释放特点

采用盆栽试验．模拟田间生态环境．研究施用不同种缓／控释氮素肥料玉米苗期土壤尿素态氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和速效态氮含量，分析比较其在玉米苗期氮素养分释放特点。研究表明，在玉米苗期，施用醋酸酯淀粉包膜脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素肥料。土壤中尿素态氮和铵态氮的积累量最多．分别为21．72mg／kg和48．31mg／kg；醋酸酯淀粉包膜尿素肥料，硝态氮和速效氮含量最多．分别为102．90mg／kg和135．25mg／kg；丙烯酸树脂包膜脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素肥料，尿素自膜内迁移到土壤中的量较少，硝态氮和速效态氮含量最少。分别为53．74mg／kg和93．70mg／kg。包膜与脲酶抑制剂nBPT相结合的缓／控释肥料，对减少土壤石硝态氮的生成效果最为明显．明显优于其他缓／控释肥料．丙烯酸树脂包膜nBPT涂层尿素肥料控释效果最好。     

田林老山中山杉木人工林生产力及营养元素循环的研究

广西田林县老山林场中山区气候冷凉潮湿,土壤肥力较高,能满足杉木速生要求。17年生杉木人工林乔木层的生物量达138.46t/ha,平均净生产量为8.15t/ha·a,与杉木中心产区相当。乔木层对N,P,K,Ca,Mg5种营养元素的吸收量为224.04kg/ha·a,其中42.3％存留在林木层,42.5％通过凋落物,15.2％通过降雨淋洗归还土壤。通过凋落物归还是N,P,Ca,Mg归还的主要途径,K的归还主要通过降雨淋洗;K,Ca,Mg的循环系数较大,分别达到0.58,0.68和0.60;N,P相对较小,分别为0.48和0.33。林木正处于生长旺盛阶段,杉木对5种营养元素的吸收量、存留量和归还量以及循环系数都有较高水平,生物量积累也较大。     

Organic C and N stabilization in a forest soil: Evidence from sequential density fractionation

In mineral soil, organic matter (OM) accumulates mainly on and around surfaces of silt- and clay-size particles. When fractionated according to particle density, C and N concentration (per g fraction) and C/N of these soil organo-mineral particles decrease with increasing particle density across soils of widely divergent texture, mineralogy, location, and management. The variation in particle density is explained potentially by two factors: (1) a decrease in the mass ratio of organic to mineral phase of these particles, and (2) variations in density of the mineral phase. The first explanation implies that the thickness of the organic accumulations decreases with increasing particle density. The decrease in C/N can be explained at least partially by especially stable sorption of nitrogenous N-containing compounds (amine, amide, and pyrrole) directly to mineral surfaces, a phenomenon well documented both empirically and theoretically. These peptidic compounds, along with ligand-exchanged carboxylic compounds, could then form a stable inner organic layer onto which other organics could sorb more readily than onto the unconditioned mineral surfaces (“onion” layering model).To explore mechanisms underlying this trend in C concentration and C/N with particle density, we sequentially density fractionated an Oregon andic soil at 1.65, 1.85, 2.00, 2.28, and 2.55 g cm⁻³ and analyzed the six fractions for measures of organic matter and mineral phase properties.All measures of OM composition showed either: (1) a monotonic change with density, or (2) a monotonic change across the lightest fractions, then little change over the heaviest fractions. Total C, N, and lignin phenol concentration all decreased monotonically with increasing density, and ¹⁴C mean residence time (MRT) increased with particle density from ca. 150 years to >980 years in the four organo-mineral fractions. In contrast, C/N, ¹³C and ¹⁵N concentration all showed the second pattern. All these data are consistent with a general pattern of an increase in extent of microbial processing with increasing organo-mineral particle density, and also with an “onion” layering model.X-ray diffraction before and after separation of magnetic materials showed that the sequential density fractionation (SDF) isolated pools of differing mineralogy, with layer-silicate clays dominating in two of the intermediate fractions and primary minerals in the heaviest two fractions. There was no indication that these differences in mineralogy controlled the differences in density of the organo-mineral particles in this soil. Thus, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that variation in particle density reflects variation in thickness of the organic accumulations and with an “onion” layering model for organic matter accumulation on mineral surfaces. However, the mineralogy differences among fractions made it difficult to test either the layer-thickness or “onion” layering models with this soil. Although SDF isolated pools of distinct mineralogy and organic-matter composition, more work will be needed to understand mechanisms relating the two factors.     

运用PLS算法由HJ-1A/1B遥感影像估测区域小麦实际单产

为进一步提高遥感估产精度,显示国产影像在农业估产中的应用效果。该研究以2010-2013年HJ-1A/1B影像为遥感数据,分析了卫星遥感变量与小麦实际单产的定量关系,运用偏最小二乘回归算法构建及验证了以实际单产为目标的多变量遥感估产模型,并制作了小麦实际单产空间等级分布图。研究表明:实际单产与所选用的大多数遥感变量间关系密切,且多数遥感变量两两间具有严重的多重相关关系;实际单产偏最小二乘回归模型的最佳主成分为5,且植被衰减指数、绿色归一化植被指数、调整土壤亮度的植被指数、比值植被指数和归一化植被指数为实际单产遥感估测的敏感变量;建模集和验证集实际单产估测模型的决定系数分别为0.74和0.70,均方根误差分别为754.05和748.20 kg/hm2,相对误差分别为11.5%和8.88%,且估测精度比线性回归算法分别提高20%以上和40%以上,比主成分分析算法分别提高18%以上和30%以上,说明偏最小二乘回归算法模型估测区域实际单产的效果要明显好于线性回归和主成分分析算法,该模型应用结果与小麦实际单产区域分布情况相符合,为提高区域小麦实际单产的遥感估测精度提供了一种途径。     

水稻籼爪交和粳爪交杂种优势的研究:Ⅲ.籼爪交杂种品质性状的表现

研究了长沙和三亚生态条件下籼爪交和对照杂交稻品质性状的表现。籼爪交杂交稻在长沙的整精米率极显著低于对照。垩白粒率显著低于对照，精米长、精米长宽比均显著大于对照；而在三亚的精米长、精米长宽比极显著大于对照。籼爪交杂交稻在三亚垩白面积率比长沙极显著变小、蛋白质含量显著升高。对照组合在三亚表现为整精米率、垩白面积率和胶稠度显著降低。     

水稻籼爪交和粳爪交杂种优势的研究:Ⅳ.籼爪交杂种品质性状的杂种优势分析

长沙生态条件下籼爪交杂交稻在整精米率、精米长宽比、垩白粒率、垩白面积率、碱消值和直链淀粉含量方面表现为正向超亲优势；在精米长宽比、碱消值和直链淀粉含量方面表现为正向对照优势。三亚生态条件下籼爪交杂交稻在糙米率、总精米率、情米长宽比和胶稠度方面表现出正向对照优势，三亚籼爪交杂交稻的糙米率、总精米率、整精米率、精米长宽比和胶稠度对照优势极显著高于长沙相应性状的对照优势；三亚的垩白粒率对照优势显著高于长沙的垩白粒率对照优势；三亚的碱消值和直链淀粉含量对照优势显著低于长沙相应性状的对照优势。