延庆县观赏及食用向日葵品种的评价与筛选

为筛选出适宜于延庆县种植、兼具景观价值的食用向日葵品种,以推广品种LD5009为对照,对9个引进品种的适应性、抗逆性、观赏性和丰产性进行评价。初步结果表明:在观赏性方面,3个引进品种PH1122,T1123,X3939和对照LD5009一样表现出较高的观赏性;在丰产性方面,SH363、PH1122和KC911的产量最高,3 775.5、3 730.5、3 634.5kg/hm2,分别比对照增产33.10%、31.52%和28.13%,并且达到了极显著的水平。PH1122是参试品种中观赏性与丰产性都比较突出的品种,株高218.3cm,花期20d,产量达3 730.5kg/hm2,是适合作为延庆地区打造大地景观的食葵品种;T1123株高212.3cm、花期19d、产量3 354kg/hm2,X3939株高196.0cm、花期20d、产量2 892kg/hm2,二者花期较长且具有一定的产量优势,可以作为农田景观构建的备选品种。     

北海市厚皮甜瓜种植精细化气候区划

[目的]开展北海市甜瓜种植区精细化气候区划,为北海市甜瓜产业发展提供参考依据.[方法]根据甜瓜生长与气象条件的关系,结合北海甜瓜生产实际,确定北海市甜瓜种植的精细化气候区划指标;基于北海市19个气象站的气象资料和地理属性,建立区划指标空间分布模型;借助GIS技术完成北海市甜瓜种植的气候区划.[结果]北海市的沙田、山口、白沙及闸口镇等地区8～12月＞10℃有效积温超过1770℃、＜10℃天数不足3.2 d、昼夜温差较大、降雨天数最少(沙田镇除外),日照相对较足,划分为甜瓜种植最适宜区;公馆、常乐、廉州、福成、南康、兴港、营盘、银滩、海城区、地角等地区及涠洲岛的气候条件能满足厚皮甜瓜生长需要,能出产较高品质的甜瓜,划分为甜瓜种植适宜区;沙岗、石湾、石康、曲樟、平阳镇等地区的气候要素资源分布较均匀,资源量均在适宜区至次适宜区间,划分为甜瓜种植次适宜区;西场、乌家、星岛湖乡等地区＞10℃有效积温最少,降雨天数最多,降水量大,且昼夜温差较小,＜10℃天数最多,容易出现冻害,划分为不适宜种植区.[结论]基于北海市自动气象站气象资料和地理属性及借助GIS技术,可将北海市厚皮甜瓜种植区细化为最适宜区、适宜区、次适宜区和不适宜区.     

不同部位籽瓜果皮电学特性分析

为探究不同部位籽瓜果皮电学特性的变化规律及其相关性,以甘肃靖远1号籽瓜为试材,利用平行极板检测法测定了不同部位籽瓜果皮的8个电学特性,分析其随频率的变化规律及相关性,建立了各电学特性随频率变化的数学模型并验证。结果表明：随着频率的增加,不同部位籽瓜果皮电学特性之间存在显著差异,G、X均呈单调递增趋势变化,Rp、Cp、Z、Q均呈单调递减趋势变化;除瓜梗部外,其他部位果皮D均呈单调递增趋势变化;瓜梗部和赤道部果皮的Z与G、Lp、X之间均呈极显著负相关（P < 0.01）,与Q、Cp、Rp之间均呈极显著正相关（P < 0.01）,而与D之间的相关性有显著不同。回归结果表明,随着频率的变化,瓜梗部与赤道部果皮的Z、G、Cp、Rp、X和D的值均呈Polynomial模型分布（R² > 0.83）。模型验证得出在频率163.28 ~ 8 000 kHz范围内,瓜梗部和赤道部果皮Z、Lp试验值与模型预测值的一致性较好。因此,基于平行极板检测法区分籽瓜不同部位的果皮电学特性变化规律是可行的,该结果为籽瓜果皮电学检测提供理论依据。     

甜瓜CmCIPK家族全基因组鉴定和逆境条件下的表达分析

为探究甜瓜CIPK(CBL-interacting protein kinase)基因家族成员的生物学功能,以拟南芥中26个CIPKs的氨基酸序列为参照,用BLASTP方法鉴定了18个甜瓜CIPK家族成员,并对其理化性质、染色体分布、系统进化、基因结构、蛋白保守基序、顺式元件,以及基因的表达模式进行了分析。结果显示,CIPK基因家族成员的基因长度为1 499~8 499 bp,它们不均匀地分布在甜瓜的9条染色体上;根据进化关系可将其分为5个亚家族,分别包含了26、10、25、26和8个成员,并且其中有4个CmCIPK基因对发生了片段复制。基因结构分析表明,10个基因为内含子缺失型,8个基因为内含子富集型。蛋白保守基序分析发现,CmCIPK家族保守性较好,所有成员均含有CIPK家族的典型特征:N端激酶域中的激活环和C端调节域中的NAF/FISL结构域。在基因上游的2 000 bp序列中存在多个与植物激素和逆境相关的顺式元件,显示可能有多种转录调控。转录组分析发现,CmCIPKs的组织表达量整体表现为叶>根>雄花>雌花>果。选择CmCIPK1-like和CmCIPK12-like基因验证其组织表达模式,显示分别在叶和雄花中的表达量最高。对其进行不同逆境处理,结果表明,这2个CmCIPK基因受NaCl和脱落酸(ABA)诱导表达;在干旱处理中,这2个基因经历短时间的上调或下调后恢复至最初表达水平。以上结果说明,CmCIPK1-like和CmCIPK12-like基因可能在ABA和非生物胁迫中发挥着重要作用,可为以后CmCIPK的功能研究提供参考。     

Stress response of juvenile rainbow trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>)to chemical cues released from stressed conspecifics

The objective of this study was to determine whether exposure of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to water containing a stressed trout or skin extract from stressed and non-stressed trout would elicit a stress response in conspecifics. Juvenile rainbow trout were exposed for 1 hour to water containing a stressed fish, homogenized skin extracts from a non-stressed fish, skin extract from a stressed fish and water with none of these factors. The stress response was measured over a 24-h period (1, 6, 12, 24 h after exposure). Plasma cortisol levels increased at 12 h in fish exposed to water from a stressed fish and skin extract from a stressed fish. Plasma glucose and hepatic hsp70 levels were not affected by treatments. The results suggest that rainbow trout elicit a stress response when exposed to stress-related alarm cues released from conspecifics.     

Biochemical and histochemical activities of tyrosinase in the skins of normal and albino turbot scophthalmus maximus

Albinism occurr frequently in hatchery-reared turbot, particularly in China. To elucidatethe mechanism of albinism, we comparedthe biochemical and histochemical activity of tyrosinase inthe skins of normal and albino turbot using substrate L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa). It was foundthat: (1) tyrosinase activity existed in allthe skin extracts tested, including pigmented and non-pigmented skins from ocular or blind side of normal and albino turbot, andthe tyrosinase activity ofthe ocular skin extracts was significantly higherthanthat ofthe blind skin extracts from a single individual for both normal and albino turbot. Unexpectedly,the tyrosinase activity inthe extracts from albino skin ofthe ocular side of albino turbot (termed AOA skin) was about 56% higherthanthat from pigmented skin ofthe ocular side of normal turbot (termed PON skin); (2) histochemical staining showedthat tyrosinase activity was present only inthe PON skin but not inthe AOA skin, andthe white skin ofthe blind side of albino (termed WBA skin) and normal turbot (termed WBN skin). A large amount of positive black granules was formed inthe epidermal cells of PON skin but no black granules were formed inthe skins of AOA, WBA and WBN; (3) temperature and salinity have similar effects onthe tyrosinase activity of ocular pigmented and of albino skin extracts, andthe optimal temperature was 5560°C and optimal salinity 26; however, different pH values had different effects onthese tyrosinase activities, andthe optimal pH value of ocular pigmented skin extracts was 7.0 and ocular albino skin extracts 8.0; allthethree activators tested (SDS, trypsin and zymosan) can increasethe activity of tyrosinase in both ocular pigmented and albino skin extracts of turbot. Butthe level of activation onthe ocular albino skin extracts of albino turbot was significantly higherthanthat on ocular pigmented skin extracts of normal turbot.Onthe basis ofthese observations, it is suggestedthat a large amount of wild type tyrosinase is expressed in albino skin butthe tyrosinase activity is blocked by some unknown inhibitory factors andthe blocked activity of tyrosinase can be readily recovered bythe homogenization of skin tissues in vitro.the unknown inhibitory factors need further studying.     

Effects of dietary astaxanthin source and light manipulation on the skin colour of Australian snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

Two experiments were conducted with Australian snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). The first was aimed at determining the dietary level of astaxanthin that improved skin redness (CIE a^*values) of farm‐reared snapper. Farmed snapper (ca. 600 g) fed a commercial diet without carotenoids were moved to indoor tanks and fed the same diet supplemented with 0, 36 or 72 mg astaxanthin kg^?1 (unesterified form as Carophyll Pink?) for nine weeks. Skin redness (CIE a^* values) continued to decrease over time in fish fed the diet without astaxanthin. Snapper fed the diet containing 72 mg astaxanthin kg^?1 were significantly more red than fish fed the diet with 36 mg astaxanthin kg^?1 three weeks after feeding, but skin redness was similar in both groups of fish after 6 and 9 weeks. The second experiment was designed to investigate the interactive effects of dietary astaxanthin source (unesterified form as Carophyll Pink? or esterified form as NatuRose?; 60 mg astaxanthin kg^?1) and degree of shading (0%, 50% and 95% shading from incident radiation) on skin colour (CIE L^*a^*b^*) and skin and fillet astaxanthin content of farmed snapper (ca. 800 g) held in 1 m³ floating cages. After 116 days, there were no significant interactions between dietary treatment and degree of shading for L^*, a^* or b^* skin colour values or the concentration of astaxanthin in the skin. Negligible amounts of astaxanthin were recovered from fillet samples. The addition of shade covers significantly increased skin lightness (L^*), possibly by reducing the effect of melanism in the skin, but there was no difference between the lightness of fish held under either 50% or 95% shade cover (P>0.05).     

Scallop shell extract promotes recovery from UV-B-induced damage in rat skin epidermal layer

ABSTRACT:   It has been previously reported that scallop shell extract can protect keratinocyte cells against UV-B-induced damage in vitro by acting as an antioxidant and a growth promoter. To establish the growth promoting activity of scallop shell extract, the effect was investigated in vivo. Exposure of rat dorsal skin to UV-B caused the formation of erythema and eschar. Either the scallop shell extract or vehicle (water) was applied once a day for 5 days to the injured dorsal area and the area of the erythema and eschar was estimated using National Institute of Health (NIH) image software. Wound healing of the erythema and eschar was clearly promoted after application of scallop shell extract when compared to application of the vehicle control. Histological studies indicated that scallop shell extract promoted the recovery of the epidermal layer. These results suggest that scallop shell extract activates rat keratinocyte cells and promotes the turnover of skin stratum corneum. This conclusion was also supported by measurement of the turnover rate of the stratum corneum. Therefore, scallop shell extract may be effective in protecting skin against UV-B.     

Cutaneous antibodies in excised skin from channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, immune to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

This study determined whether cutaneous antibodies were present in the excised skin of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, immune to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet (Ich). Theronts were immobilized on or near the excised skin from immune fish. The survival of immobilized theronts was significantly reduced after exposure for 8 h to the culture of excised skin from immune fish. Culture fluids from excised skin of immune fish immobilized theronts with a peak in the immobilization titre at 24 h post-exposure. Immobility of theronts in the culture fluid from immune skin was removed after immunoabsorption with theronts. Indirect immunofluorescent staining of theronts treated with culture fluid from excised skin of immune fish revealed strong and uniform fluorescence on the cilia and cell surface of theronts. Western blot analysis of the culture fluid from immune fish revealed a 70-kDa band which corresponded to the molecular weight of catfish immunoglobulin heavy chain. The results of this study show that cutaneous antibodies to Ich theronts were present in and released from the excised skin from fish immune to Ich. Immobilization and killing of the theronts are two characteristics of the antibody response that appear to prevent the successful invasion of theronts into excised skin.