Bewirtschaftungsmassnahmen nach überhöhten Güllegaben zur Verminderung des Nitratverlust-potentials und deren Ertragseffekte bei unterschiedlichen Bodenformen: Management measures after excessive slurry rates for reduction of nitrate leaching risk and their yield effects at different typological soil units

The effects of different organic nutrient amounts and cover crops on yield, simplified N balance, soil parameters and groundwater protection were estimated on the basis of 3-year studies (2000?–?2002) carried out on two sites, which were overdressed by pig slurry application rates previously. The typological soil units were a Calcic Gleysol with a high humus and total N content and a Dystric Cambisol on cumulic material. According to the anaerobic incubation method a very high and a high potential for N-mineralization was indicated at these sites. Without any application of manure only at the Cambisol with wheat small yield losses of 5 dt.ha^???1 occurred during the 3 years period of experiments. When maize and sugar-beet were cultivated the yield potential could be achieved mostly. That and a well established cover crop too, resulted in a distinct reduction of the potential for nitrogen losses to the aquifer of about 100 to 150?kg.ha^???1. At eutrophic sites a balanced nitrogen in- and output is neither an ecological management procedure nor an economic use of nutrient resources. For relevant reduction of nitrate losses adequate soil testing methods are proposed on field scale level. Therefore the best is the laborious N_min-method, but also parameters, which characterize the nitrogen mineralization potential, give valuable information for the estimation of N demand.     

Contrasting development of soil microbial community structure under no-tilled perennial and tilled cropping during early pedogenesis of a Mollisol

A range of agricultural practices influence soil microbial communities, such as tillage and organic C inputs, however such effects are largely unknown at the initial stage of soil formation. Using an eight-year field experiment established on exposed parent material (PM) of a Mollisol, our objectives were to: (1) to determine the effects of field management and soil depth on soil microbial community structure; (2) to elucidate shifts in microbial community structure in relation to PM, compared to an arable Mollisol (MO) without organic amendment; and (3) to identify the controlling factors of such changes in microbial community structure. The treatments included two no-tilled soils supporting perennial crops, and four tilled soils under the same cropping system, with or without chemical fertilization and crop residue amendment. Principal component (PC) analysis of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles demonstrated that microbial community structures were affected by tillage and/or organic and inorganic inputs via PC1 and by land use and/or soil depth via PC2. All the field treatments were separated by PM into two groups via PC1, the tilled and the no-tilled soils, with the tilled soils more developed towards MO. The tilled soils were separated with respect to MO via PC1 associated with the differences in mineral fertilization and the quality of organic amendments, with the soils without organic amendment being more similar to MO. The separations via PC1 were principally driven by bacteria and associated with soil pH and soil C, N and P. The separations via PC2 were driven by fungi, actinomycetes and Gram (−) bacteria, and associated with soil bulk density. The separations via both PC1 and PC2 were associated with soil aggregate stability and exchangeable K, indicating the effects of weathering and soil aggregation. The results suggest that in spite of the importance of mineral fertilization and organic amendments, tillage and land-use type play a significant role in determining the nature of the development of associated soil microbial community structures at the initial stages of soil formation.     

Development of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for analysis of organic N monomers in soil

The aim of this study was to develop an analytical procedure based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) for analysis of monomeric organic N compounds in soil extracts. To benchmark the developed LC–MS method it was compared with a capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry (CE–MS) method recently used for analysis of small organic N monomers in soil. The separation was optimized and analytical performance assessed with 69 purified standards, then the LC–MS method was used to analyse soil extracts. Sixty-two out of 69 standards were analysable by LC–MS with separation on a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. The seven compounds that could not be analysed were strongly cationic polyamines. Limits of detection for a 5 μL injection ranged between 0.002 and 0.38 μmol L⁻¹, with the majority (49 out of 62) having limits of detection better than 0.05 μmol L⁻¹. The overall profile and concentration of small organic N monomers in soil extracts was broadly similar between LC–MS and CE–MS, with the notable exception of four ureides that were detected by LC–MS only. In soil extracts that had been concentrated ten-fold the detection and quantification of (some) organic N compounds was compromised by the presence of large amounts of inorganic salts. The developed LC–MS method offered advantages and disadvantages relative to CE–MS, and a combination of the two methods would achieve the broadest possible coverage of organic N in soil extracts.     

Organic farming fosters agroecosystem functioning in Argentinian temperate soils: Evidence from litter decomposition and soil fauna

Benefits of organic farming on soil fauna have been widely observed and this has led to consider organic farming as a potential approach to reduce the environmental impact of conventional agriculture. However, there is still little evidence from field conditions about direct benefits of organic agriculture on soil ecosystem functioning. Hence, the aims of this study were to compare the effect of organic farming versus conventional farming on litter decomposition and to study how this process is affected by soil meso- and macrofauna abundances. Systems studied were: (1) organic farming with conventional tillage (ORG), (2) conventional farming with conventional tillage (CT), (3) conventional farming under no-tillage (NT), and (4) natural grassland as control system (GR). Decomposition was determined under field conditions by measuring weight loss in litterbags. Soil meso- and macrofauna contribution on decomposition was evaluated both by different mesh sizes and by assessing their abundances in the soil. Litter decomposition was always significantly higher after 9 and 12 months in ORG than in CT and NT (from 2 to 5 times in average), regardless decomposer community composition and litter type. Besides, mesofauna, macrofauna and earthworm abundances were significantly higher in ORG than in NT and CT (from 1.6 to 3.8, 1.7 to 2.3 and 16 to 25 times in average, respectively for each group). These results are especially relevant firstly because the positive effect of ORG in a key soil process has been proved under field conditions, being the first direct evidence that organic farming enhances the decomposition process. And secondly because the extensive organic system analyzed here did not include several practices which have been recognized as particularly positive for soil biota (e.g. manure use, low tillage intensity and high crop diversity). So, this research suggests that even when those practices are not applied, the non-use of agrochemicals is enough to produce positive changes in soil fauna and so in decomposition dynamics. Therefore, the adoption of organic system in an extensive way can also be suggested to farmers in order to improve ecosystem functioning and consequently to achieve better soil conditions for crop production.     

浙江省森林土壤有机碳密度空间变异特征及其影响因素

基于Moran’s I指数和GIS地统计插值方法研究浙江省森林土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)的空间自相关性及其分布特征,并采用线性回归方程分析影响因素对SOCD的作用。结果表明:浙江省森林土壤0～30 cm层次SOCD为71.2 t hm-2,较全国土壤平均碳密度低;全局Moran’s I=0.176,显示显著空间自相关性;浙江省森林SOCD呈现自西南向东北梯级递减趋势,表现为三条平行的带状分布;优势树种、坡位、龄组、海拔、灌木覆盖度、灌木平均高、平均年龄与SOCD呈极显著正相关关系,坡向与SOCD呈显著正相关关系,草本覆盖度与SOCD呈极显著负相关关系,草本平均高影响不显著;影响因素作用于SOCD14.9%的变异。     

红壤溶磷菌的筛选及溶磷机制

采用以磷酸铝为磷源的蒙金娜(PVK)液体培养基研究了从红壤土中筛选出的4种溶磷菌的溶磷效果,选出其中的优势菌株B1,并对其溶磷机理做出初步探讨。结果表明,所筛选出的4株溶磷菌在液体培养条件下均有显著的溶磷效果,其中菌株B1在培养4 d后有效溶磷量最大,达到292.8 mg L-1。各处理培养液pH在培养期间均有显著下降,pH从7.0下降至3.2~4.7。高效液相色谱测定发现,各菌株培养液中有机酸的种类与含量随培养时间变化而不同,其中菌株B1主要分泌草酸和苹果酸,培养1 d后有机酸总量可达到5 mmol L-1;通过添加有机酸对磷酸铝活化的试验表明,分泌有机酸溶磷仅是菌株B1溶磷机制之一,可能还存在其他溶磷机制。菌株B1生长的适宜pH范围为5~9,最适培养温度为30℃,100 ml三角瓶的最适装液量为30~40 ml。经鉴定,菌株B1与苏云金芽孢杆菌有99.9%的相似性。     

低分子量有机配体对黏粒矿物吸附苏云金芽孢杆菌的影响

土壤是微生物的理想栖息地,土壤微生物群落组成复杂,数量巨大。1g土壤中可能栖息着上百亿个微生物,其中细菌可达1010个[1]。约80%～90%的土壤微生物寄居于土壤固相表面,如黏土矿物、金属氧化物或有机质表面[2]。细菌与矿物间的相互作用在土壤污染物转化与降解、团聚体形成[3]、矿物风化[4-6]及病原菌运移[7-8]等诸多过程起着关键作用。     

Differences in chemical composition of soil organic matter in natural ecosystems from different climatic regions - A pyrolysis-GC/MS study

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a key factor in ecosystem dynamics. A better understanding of the global relationship between environmental characteristics, ecosystems and SOM chemistry is vital in order to assess its specific influence on carbon cycles. This study compared the composition of extracted SOM in 18 topsoil samples taken under tundra, taiga, steppe, temperate forest and tropical forest using pyrolysis-GC/MS. Results indicate that SOM from cold climates (tundra, taiga) still resembles the composition of litter, evidenced by high quantities of levosugars and long alkanes relative to N-compounds and a clear odd-over-even dominance of the longer alkanes. Under temperate conditions, increased microbial degradation generally results in a more altered SOM chemistry. SOM formed under temperate coniferous forests shows an accumulation of aromatic and aliphatic moieties, probably induced by substrate limitations. Tropical SOM was characterized by an SOM composition rich in N-compounds and low in lignins, without any accumulation of recalcitrant fractions (i.e. aliphatic and aromatic compounds). Lignin composition moreover varies according to vegetation type. Results were validated against 13 new samples. The humic signature of topsoil organic matter formed under different biomes indicates a dominating effect of (i) SOM input composition related to vegetation, and (ii) SOM breakdown reflecting both climate and input quality. No evidence was found for a chemically stabilized SOM fraction under favorable decomposition conditions (temperate or warm climate with broadleaved vegetation).     

再生水回灌的农业环境风险及对策

随着我国城市化进程加快和经济的快速发展,需水量大幅增加,造成局部缺水严重,与此同时城市污水处理厂的数量和规模不断增大,而这些污水处理厂出水(再生水)直接排入河流而没有被再次利用造成资源浪费,再生水回用后对土壤环境的不确定性影响是造成再生水利用率较低的重要原因。本文系统总结了再生水回用对土壤环境的盐分、有机质组分、微生物、重金属、难降解有机污染物的国内外的研究成果,指出:(1)再生水回用于灌溉在提高肥力的同时,能够引起土壤盐分的累积;(2)再生水回用于灌溉能够导致土壤微生物菌群的变化,也有引起环境卫生的风险,但是风险极低;(3)再生水灌溉能够引起部分重金属元素的累积;(4)再生水灌溉对土壤难降解有机污染物的影响是未来研究的热点。     

秸秆促腐还田对土壤养分及活性有机碳的影响

通过2年的小麦-玉米轮作田间定位试验,设置5个处理：不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（F）、化肥 秸秆（FS）、化肥 秸秆 腐秆剂（FSD）、磷钾肥减施20%（按P2O5和K2O计,与F比较） 秸秆 腐秆剂（F4/5SD）,通过分析作物收获后土壤耕层养分、活性有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量,计算土壤不同形态碳素有效率和碳库管理指数等,探讨秸秆促腐还田对沿淮砂姜黑土土壤养分和活性有机碳的影响。结果表明：1）与单施化肥处理相比,常规秸秆还田处理土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别增加了13.0%、4.6%和10.7%,土壤活性有机碳有效率增加12.0%和11.1%,土壤碳库管理指数提高了30.6%;2）秸秆促腐还田处理土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别增加了17.4%、40.5%和12.4%,土壤活性有机碳、活性有机碳有效率和可溶性有机碳分别增加了12.0%、9.5%和51.3%,土壤碳库管理指数提高了102.3%;3）土壤碳库管理指数与土壤养分含量、土壤碳素有效率等的相关性较土壤总有机碳含量有显著提高。可见,秸秆促腐还田较常规秸秆还田更利于提高沿淮砂姜黑土土壤养分含量、有机碳中活性组分含量及其有效率和土壤碳库管理指数;即使减施磷、钾肥20%,该措施的增肥和培土效果也不会明显下降。