自动调角冷却风机内流动机理数值模拟研究

发动机的散热性能主要取决于发动机冷却风机的性能,发动机冷却风机内流动机理是农业机械研究的热点问题之一.通过对所设计的新型冷却风机在最佳安装角时的三维模型建立,运用FLUENT软件对风机进行内部流场的数值模拟计算,仿真得出风机叶轮的静压力分布云图和风机运转流场内空气流线图,以及风机流场内的各项空气动力学参数,仿真结果表明风机叶轮的空气动力性能满足冷却风机的设计要求.     

Barriers to Open Government Data (OGD) initiative in Tanzania: Stakeholders’ perspectives

Open Government Data (OGD) initiatives are picking up across the globe with their emphasis upon the tenets of transparency, collaboration, and participation. While much of the research has remained confined at unraveling the theoretical and conceptual dimensions of OGD, empirical investigations are visibly lacking, especially in the African context. Using a qualitative research methodology, we analyze the responses received from relevant stakeholders—representatives from public and private sector—regarding their views about the OGD initiative in Tanzania. Our findings show that the OGD initiative in Tanzania is in an emerging stage and there are barriers (organizational, social, legal, and technical) toward instituting a robust OGD initiative in the country. Further, we find that there is inertia among the government departments in terms of publishing data sets. Our findings provide a sounding board for further research on the sustainability of OGD initiatives in Tanzania and the other African countries, by and large.     

恒定水头供水瓶的性能分析

恒定水头供水瓶的弹性构件弹簧竖立在敞口容器和支座之间,该装置通过水体自重与弹簧弹力相互作用使敞口容器内的上液面保持绝对高程不变,使水头保持稳定。在实际应用中,可以在一定限度内自由增减敞口容器内水量,避免了马氏瓶在实验前需要放水以维持水头稳定与实验过程中不能对瓶内水量做任何控制以及该仪器不适于高温环境中使用的弊端,且该仪器可以缩小体积,方便拆装与携带。经计算,该装置系统误差在4%以内。研究提出的恒定水头供水瓶,原理简单,适应性强,可在各种入渗、蒸发实验中用于控制水头高度的恒定,具有广泛的应用前景。     

苜蓿秸秆压缩仿真离散元模型参数标定

为了提高苜蓿秸秆压缩过程中离散元仿真研究所用参数的准确度,该研究采用物理试验和仿真优化设计相结合的方法对离散元仿真参数进行标定。首先,以接触参数物理试验结果为仿真参数选择依据,利用Plackett-Burman试验对初始参数进行显著性筛选,方差分析结果表明,苜蓿秸秆-苜蓿秸秆静摩擦系数、苜蓿秸秆-苜蓿秸秆滚动摩擦系数、苜蓿秸秆-45钢静摩擦系数对仿真休止角影响显著。进一步以休止角的相对误差值为评价指标,对3个显著性参数进行最陡爬坡试验,优化显著性参数取值范围,并基于Box-Behnken试验建立休止角与显著性参数的二阶回归模型,以物理试验得到的38.88°休止角为目标值,对显著性参数进行寻优,得到最优组合:苜蓿秸秆-苜蓿秸秆静摩擦系数为0.45、苜蓿秸秆-苜蓿秸秆滚动摩擦系数为0.08、苜蓿秸秆-45钢的静摩擦系数为0.54。最后利用T检验得到P0.05,表明仿真休止角与物理试验值无显著性差异,验证了最优参数组合的可靠性。研究结果表明,应用上述各优化试验来标定离散元仿真参数是可行的,同时标定的参数可为苜蓿秸秆的其它仿真试验提供参考。     

基于土壤微波辐射布儒斯特角反演土壤含水率

在利用被动微波遥感技术进行裸露地表土壤含水率(Soil Moisture Content,SMC)的反演中,土壤粗糙度是制约反演精度的最关键因素。该研究利用改进的积分方程模型(Advanced Integral Equation Model,AIEM)进行地表多角度微波发射率的模拟,探索地表微波辐射多角度信息用于提高地表SMC反演精度的可行性。基于不同SMC和不同粗糙度地表多角度V极化发射率数据的变化趋势提取土壤介质布儒斯特角,结果表明,土壤布儒斯特角对SMC具有较高的敏感性,C波段(6.6 GHz)不同含水率土壤的布儒斯特角分布在60°～80°范围内。基于AIEM模拟数据的分析发现,土壤布儒斯特角正切值与SMC具有较好的线性关系,线性拟合决定系数为0.94,均方根误差为0.027cm~3/cm~3,并得到了基于布儒斯特角的裸露地表SMC反演算法。基于模拟数据的算法验证结果表明,算法的SMC预测值与理论值的决定系数为0.95,均方根误差为0.024 cm~3/cm~3。算法在不同土壤粗糙度自相关函数下均表现出稳健的特性,SMC预测精度最大均方根误差为0.027 cm~3/cm~3,最小为0.023cm~3/cm~3。基于布儒斯特角的SMC反演算法利用的是多角度土壤发射率的相对变化而非其绝对数值,该研究为SMC的多角度被动微波遥感提供了一种不同的研究思路。     

静动荷载作用下小麦剪切特性试验研究

为研究静动载荷作用下的粮食剪切特性,利用开发的新型粮食动直剪仪,设计了孔隙率为39%、36%、33%以及竖向压力为50、100、150、200k Pa下的小麦单调直剪、往复剪切及往复后单调直剪试验,研究了小麦静动力剪切特性,并对比分析了小麦单调直剪与往复后单调直剪的强度、变形结果。研究结果表明:单调直剪试验中,同一孔隙率下,竖向压力越大,其软化现象越明显,剪胀现象越不明显,剪胀角越小,竖向压力为50、100、150、200k Pa下对应的剪胀角分别为4.5°、3.6°、2.4°、0.7°;同一竖向压力下,随着小麦孔隙率减小,其软化现象越明显,内摩擦角也越大,孔隙率为39%、36%、33%的小麦对应的内摩擦角分别为22.2°、24.4°、28.1°。剪胀角也随着小麦孔隙率减小而增大,对应的剪胀角分别为1.3°、3.6°、9.9°;往复剪切试验中,孔隙率越小,小麦往复剪切软化现象越明显,剪缩现象越不明显,最大剪缩量越小,孔隙率为39%、36%、33%的小麦对应的最大剪缩量分别为2.77、1.74、1.15 mm。往复后单调直剪与单调直剪试验结果对比表明,往复后单调直剪的小麦抗剪强度明显增大,其剪胀现象更明显,最大剪胀量也增大。试验结果可为粮仓结构安全性设计,尤其是粮仓结构动力分析提供依据。     

广州市海珠广场绿地提升改造

以广州市海珠广场绿地景观提升改造为例,探究老城区中心广场景观提升的策略和途径。通过原状广场实地调研、环境精准识别,针对绿化景观无序、场内空间封闭、园路铺装失修等现状,结合SWOT模型,对工程项目的内部因素(优势、劣势)和外部因素(机遇、挑战)进行全面分析,制定挖掘文化内涵、改善人居环境、促进生态可持续的景观改造原则。采用适当抽疏、增加花卉、合理规划景观格局、应用海绵城市建设技术等措施,打造兼具"红色"文化传承、门户形象展示、休闲观光、活动举办场所等功能为一体的综合性广场。     

Effects of entrance design on catch efficiency of arabesque greenling traps: a field experiment in Matsumae, Hokkaido

ABSTRACT:   A field experiment was conducted in the Matsumae area of Hokkaido, Japan, during June and July 2002, to investigate the effects of different entrance designs on the catch efficiency of fish traps by fishing with commercial traps (entrance inclination angle [α] = 37°; funnel length of entrance [ L _f ] = 22 cm) and experimental traps. The experimental traps were of the same size and similar design as commercial traps, with different entrance inclination angles (trap E1: α = 46°; E2: α = 27°; E3: α = 0°; all L _f  = 22 cm) or funnel lengths (E4: α = 37°, L _f  = 8 cm). In total, 2200 fish during 200 trap hauls were captured. The catch was significantly higher using both traps E2 and the commercial trap than with trap E3 ( P  < 0.05), and the catch of trap E2 was higher than that of the commercial trap. There were no significant differences in mean fish body length or the frequency distributions of body length among trap types (E1, E2, E3 and commercial). The funnel length of the entrance also affected the catch of traps. Trap E4 had significantly higher catches than the commercial trap ( P  = 0.04) when traps were deployed for a 1-day soak time. Fish body length frequency distributions did not differ between trap E4 and the commercial trap. The results showed that catch can be greatly affected by trap entrance designs.     

对城市开放式公园的景观设计与管理的探讨——以宜昌市儿童公园为例

从开放式公园的定义、特点出发,以湖北省宜昌市儿童公园为例,对其进行实地调查和分析,然后从城市开放式公园的景观设计与管理的角度提出相关建议,以期提升现有的景观设计的层次以及提高与开放式相对应的管理水平,达到生态效益,社会效益和经济效益的共赢,使开放式公园的运营进入一个良性循环的轨道。     

Basic handling characteristics of wood fuels: Angle of repose,friction against surfaces and tendency to bridge for different assortments

Basic handling characteristics were measured for sawdust, fuel pellets, fuel chips, hog fuel and chunkwood. The aim was to find relations between the basic handling characteristics and easily measurable fuel properties to facilitate the design of feeding systems in heating plants. The angle of repose was 25–55° and increased with the increasing ratio of particle length to thickness and with the increasing content of hooked or long particles. The angle of static friction, 10–40°, was affected more by the kind of surface than the fuel and followed the ascending order: coated plywood, urethane rubber, particle board, stainless steel, concrete and rubber belt conveyor. The tendency to bridge varied considerably and increased with greater content of hooked or long particles, a deeper fuel bed depth over the opening and a higher moisture content. The results indicate that more attention should be paid to the particle shape.