氮肥减施下施用炭吸附聚谷氨酸叶面肥对夏玉米产量、氮素累积和转运的影响

田间试验设置正常氮和减氮20%两个施氮水平,每个氮处理下设置不喷施、3或8叶期小剂量喷施炭吸附聚谷氨酸（1.8 kg/hm²）、3或8叶期大剂量喷施（3.6 kg/hm²）等5个处理,研究氮肥减施下喷施炭吸附聚谷氨酸对玉米植株干物质和氮素累积分配及子粒产量的影响。结果表明,施氮处理对各器官干物质量的累积分配无显著影响,氮肥减施后氮素累积量明显降低,但子粒中氮素分配比例提高5.6%。与不喷施相比,3叶期喷施显著增加干物质和氮素累积量,子粒氮素分配比例在8叶期小剂量喷施下最高为61.39%,8叶期喷施显著提高了营养器官花后氮素转运量和转运效率。喷施处理显著提高了果穗行粒数,正常氮下3叶期小剂量喷施处理的产量最高为11.87 t/hm²。氮肥减施小剂量喷施下的产量与正常氮不喷施处理无显著差异,因此,在夏玉米生产中,氮肥减施20%下3或8叶期喷施炭吸附聚谷氨酸1.8 kg/hm²能够维持玉米产量。     

基于可见光光谱扫描的春玉米氮素营养诊断

采用可见光光谱扫描研究田间条件下春玉米冠层图像色彩参数和氮素营养指标之间的相关性以及简便、快捷、非接触性的作物氮素营养诊断方法。结果表明,春玉米冠层图像色彩参数与氮素营养指标间的相关性依次为6叶期>9叶期>3叶期。在6叶期,春玉米冠层图像色彩参数B、R/G、G/B、G/L、B/L、G/(R+G+B)均与氮素营养指标存在显著或极显著的线性相关关系,其中,G/(R+G+B)与氮素营养指标间的线性正相关性最高。运用可见光光谱扫描的数字图像进行东北地区春玉米氮素营养诊断是可行的,6叶期可作为春玉米氮素营养诊断的关键时期,G/(R+G+B)是春玉米氮素营养诊断的最佳冠层图像色彩参数。     

不同氮素水平对营养生长期南荻植株光合特性的影响

为揭示南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia L.Liu)在不同氮素水平下的光合生理特性,本研究采用盆栽试验,比较了四倍体南荻在5种不同施氮水平处理下光合作用参数之间的差异.结果表明,在0 ～4 g/株氮素水平范围内,随着施氮量的增加,各处理净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素含量随之增加.净光合速率较高的处理其植株的气孔导度(G8)、蒸腾速率(Tr)也较高,而胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)较低.在施氮水平为4g/株时,南荻叶片净光合速率和叶绿素含量达最大值,分别为24.47 μmol/m2·s和3.64 mg/g.叶绿素含量与净光合速率呈显著正相关(r =0.892*).不同施氨水平南荻植株光响应曲线不同,施氮可提高南荻暗呼吸速率(Rd)和光补偿点(LCP);在施氮为2g/株和4g/株处理时有较高的表观量子效率(AQY);在2～4g/株氮素水平范围内,植株最大净光合速率较大.     

氮肥运筹对水稻产量及氮素利用率的影响

以北方超级稻沈农265为材料,研究了氮肥运筹对水稻产量形成及氮素利用率的影响.结果表明:施纯氮210kg/hm2,且基蘖肥与穗粒肥比为6∶4时,由于单位面积有效穗数较其他处理提高2.4％～21.1％,致使产量提高3.3％～20.2％;同一基蘖肥与穗粒肥施用比例下,随施氮量的增加,沈农265的总吸氮量呈上升趋势,而氮素利用率有下降趋势;不同施氮量条件下,穗粒肥比例增加有利于总吸氮量和氮素利用率的提高;适宜施氮量和基蘖肥与穗粒肥比例,能为水稻整个生育期提供比较平衡的氮素供应,提高氮肥利用效率,协调产量构成因素,从而提高产量,节本增效.     

Influence of long-term nitrogen fertilization on micronutrient density in grain of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A long-term (1999–2007) field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three nitrogen (N) fertilization rates (0, 130, and 300 kg N/ha) on micronutrient density in wheat grain and its milling fractions. At maturity, grains were harvested and fractionated into flour, shorts, and bran for micronutrient and N analysis. N fertilization increased iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) density in wheat grain compared to the control. Increase of N application rate from 130 to 300 kg N/ha, however, did not further increase the three micronutrient densities in grain. Micronutrient concentrations were usually highest in the bran and lowest in the flour. High N application increased Zn and Cu densities in all three milling fractions and increased Fe concentration in shorts and bran but not in flour. N application did not affect the manganese (Mn) concentration in grain. N fertilization changed the proportions of Fe and Cu in flour and bran but did not affect the distribution of Zn. Because N fertilization increased micronutrient accumulation in wheat grain, proper management of N fertilization has the potential to enhance the nutritional quality of this important food.     

不同施氮量对烤烟干物质积累的影响

在不同的施氮水平下，对湘东烟区烤烟干物质的积累规律进行了初步的研究。结果表明，在每公顷施纯氮127．5kg的水平下，根、茎、叶干物质积累量较高，到圆顶时分别为78．20，74．66和128．48g，相对增长量分别是不施氮处理的4．33，2．967和1．355倍，相对增长速度分别为2．060，1．819，2．198g／d，说明在当地的气候条件下，在每公顷施127．5kg纯氮的条件下，撂烟有较高的生物学产量。     

氮肥运筹技术对淮稻9号群体质量的效应研究

适量增施氮肥能促进淮稻9号分蘖和个体发育,有利于高产群体的形成,增加抽穗期至成熟期的干物质积累量,穗多穗大产量高。增加前期施氮比例可有效增加淮稻9号单位面积有效穗数。     

水氮措施影响夏玉米氮素利用的叶绿素荧光特性研究

以产量差异显著的两个夏玉米品种德单5号和郑单958为材料,设不同灌溉和施肥水平,开展水氮互作对玉米产量、氮素利用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响研究。结果表明,在不同灌溉处理下,增施氮肥显著提高营养器官氮素转运量,降低氮素转运效率,N3(180 kg/hm²)、N4(225 kg/hm²)处理间无显著差异。增施氮肥也显著提高了各灌溉条件下两个品种吐丝期穗位叶F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o,当氮肥施用量增加至N3(180 kg/hm²)后增肥效果不显著。因此,大喇叭口期和吐丝散粉期分别灌溉37.5 mm配合180 kg/hm²的施氮量有利于提高叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o,促进夏玉米植株氮素转运,提高氮肥利用效率。此外,F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o均与植株氮...     

基于高光谱特征参数的冬小麦氮营养指数估算

为了实现快速高精度获取冬小麦氮营养指数的高光谱监测技术,利用美国SVC HR-1024I型野外光谱辐射仪对2017-2019年关中地区的冬小麦进行遥感监测,获取“三边”参数、任意两波段光谱指数和植被指数,通过相关性分析和逐步回归分析方法筛选冬小麦氮营养指数的敏感光谱参数,结合偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、随机森林算法(RFR)、支持向量机回归(SVR)和梯度增强回归(GBDT)建立冬小麦氮营养指数模型,并对模型估算精度进行验证。结果表明,从拔节期到灌浆期,各时期的氮营养指数与任意两波段光谱指数均呈极显著相关,其中拔节期氮营养指数与任意两波段光谱指数相关性均高于其他时期,且基于一阶导数光谱的归一化光谱指数和比值光谱指数与氮营养指数的相关系数最大,为0.66。拔节期基于梯度增强回归的冬小麦氮营养指数预测模型的决定系数(r²)和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.96和0.05,模型验证的r²、RMSE和相对预测偏差(RPD)分别为0.95、0.12和2.12,模型预测精度最高。因此,拔节期基于梯度增强回归的冬小麦氮营养指数估算模型可用于冬小麦氮营养监测...     

Mineralization and volatile loss of nitrogen from soils treated with coal combustion byproducts

There is an increasing need to find a suitable means for disposal of coal combustion byproducts because of the increasing world-wide production of these byproducts. This need has prompted interest in the use of land disposal, but there are concerns that this use may degrade the quality of soil. To determine the influence of coal combustion byproducts on the transformation and fate of soil N and assess the potential impact of land disposal on soil quality, we studied the effects of two combustion byproducts (fly ash and bed ash) applied at rates of 22.5, 45, 90, and 180 Mg ha^-1 on mineralization and volatile loss of N from soil. Studies comparing the influence of the byproducts on these processes showed that whereas fly ash had little influence on the fate of soil N, bed ash caused substantial mineralization of organic soil N and volatile loss of this N as NH₃. Studies monitoring the pH of soils treated with bed ash showed that soil pH increased immediately after this treatment, with values reaching as high as 12.8. These studies indicated that such extreme alkaline conditions caused chemical degradation and volatile loss of as much as 10% of the organic N in soil, and they provide strong evidence that the improper disposal of bed ash on land can have a substantial negative impact on soil quality.