海藻肥等不同施肥处理对土壤氮素矿化及氮肥利用率的影响

为了探明海藻肥及不同施肥方式的氮素养分释放规律和对作物吸收的影响,采用土壤盆栽试验,研究了等氮量施用海藻肥（S）与有机肥（M）、化肥（NPK）等不同施肥处理对菜园土壤氮矿化和春白菜氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,不同施肥处理对土壤氮矿化量的影响差异显著。土壤矿化的无机氮含量变化主要受土壤硝态氮（NO3--N）含量高低的影响,土壤铵态氮（NH4+-N）含量始终保持较低含量水平,且变化幅度较小。各处理春白菜采收期干物重为：施化肥（NPK）>施海藻肥（S）>有机肥与海藻肥配施（MS）,除有机肥与化肥配施（MNPK）外,其他处理间的干物重差异不显著。供试条件下,土壤氮素表观净矿化率和春白菜的吸氮量均为NPK>S>MS>CK,M和MNPK低于不施肥（CK）处理。氮肥利用率以NPK处理最高,达到67.7%,S和MS处理分别为46.9%和4.8%。各处理春白菜采收期干物重与吸氮量呈极显著正相关（R2=0.9213,n=18）,说明作物吸氮量对产量的形成具有重要作用。S与NPK处理在相同施氮量条件下对春白菜增产作用基本相同。     

盆栽鸦胆子氮磷钾肥料配方的研究

[目的]为鸦胆子规范化种植的高效合理施肥提供理论依据。[方法]试验采用“3414”不完全正交回归设计,研究氮磷钾施用效果,并筛选适宜的肥料配方。[结果]氮肥对鸦胆子的生长有较大影响,氮、磷、钾肥间无明显的正交互作用。[结论]以鸦胆子植株总生物量干重为指标进行统计分析,得出盆栽鸦胆子氮（N）、磷（P2O5）、钾（K2O）的最大施用量为0.5~0.7、0.2~0.30、.2~0.3 g/kg。     

Evaluation of the RZWQM-CERES-Maize hybrid model for maize production

The root zone water quality model (RZWQM) was developed primarily for water quality research with a generic plant growth module primarily serving as a sink for plant nitrogen and water uptake. In this study, we coupled the CERES-Maize Version 3.5 crop growth model with RZWQM to provide RZWQM users with the option for selecting a more comprehensive plant growth model. In the hybrid model, RZWQM supplied CERES with daily soil water and nitrogen contents, soil temperature, and potential evapotranspiration, in addition to daily weather data. CERES-Maize supplied RZWQM with daily water and nitrogen uptake, and other plant growth variables (e.g., root distribution and leaf area index). The RZWQM-CERES hybrid model was evaluated with two well-documented experimental datasets distributed with DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) Version 3.5, which had various nitrogen and irrigation treatments. Simulation results were compared to the original DSSAT-CERES-Maize model. Both models used the same plant cultivar coefficients and the same soil parameters as distributed with DSSAT Version 3.5. The hybrid model provided similar maize prediction in terms of yield, biomass and leaf area index, as the DSSAT-CERES model when the same soil and crop parameters were used. No overall differences were found between the two models based on the paired t test, suggesting successful coupling of the two models. The hybrid model offers RZWQM users access to a rigorous new plant growth model and provides CERES-Maize users with a tool to address soil and water quality issues under different cropping systems.     

灌溉水矿化度及盐分带入量对小麦相对产量影响的统计分析

在搜集、统计大量咸水灌溉试验资料的基础上,选取咸水充分灌溉条件下矿化度和小麦产量的完整对应数据103组,统计分析了灌溉水矿化度及单位面积盐分带入量对小麦相对产量的影响,结果表明,随着灌溉水矿化度的增加,小麦相对产量呈线性递减趋势,当矿化度大于1.0 g/L时,灌溉水矿化度每增加1 g/L,小麦减产约5.6%;与矿化度类似,随着单位面积盐分带入量的增加,小麦的相对产量也线性降低,盐分带入量每增加1000 kg/hm2,小麦的产量将减少约2%。进一步的检验结果显示,应用灌溉水矿化度及单位面积盐分带入量均可较为可靠地估算小麦的相对产量,估算相对误差基本可控制在16%以内。     

Yield and quality components of silage maize in killed and live cover crop sods

In sloping areas with high precipitation, planting maize into live winter cover crop sods may help to alleviate the environmental problems associated with clean-tillage production systems of maize. The present study evaluates the performance of silage maize (Zea mays L.) under several cultivation methods: CC (conventional cropping system, i.e., maize was sown into the bare, autumn-ploughed soil); LGS/CK (maize was planted into a living Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) sod which was subsequently herbicidally killed); and LGS/MR (similar to LGS/CK, but the ryegrass was mechanically regulated). The research was conducted in the midlands of Switzerland on a fertile sandy loam under humid conditions during three cropping seasons. With 110 kg N ha⁻¹ (fertilizer nitrogen plus mineral nitrogen of the soil at maize planting), the CC system was much more productive than were the LGS/CK and LGS/MR systems in terms of dry matter and nitrogen yields of maize. Increasing the nitrogen supply to 250 kg N ha⁻¹ considerably reduced the yield advantage of CC over the LGS/CK and LGS/MR systems, indicating that nitrogen was the most limiting factor for maize yield in the mulch seeding systems. With 250 kg N ha⁻¹, the LGS/CK and LGS/MR systems produced greater total yields of digestible organic matter (maize plus ryegrass) than did the CC system, whereas the total nitrogen yield was similar for all cropping systems. The whole-shoot concentrations of nitrogen were highest under CC, irrespective of the level of nitrogen supply. With 110 kg N ha⁻¹, concentrations of phosphorus and magnesium were clearly higher for the mulch seeding systems. There were only minor differences among the cropping methods in the concentrations of potassium and calcium in the whole shoot. When 250 kg N ha⁻¹ were applied, there were no significant variations among the cropping systems in the concentrations of minerals. Changes in the botanical composition of the cover crop sod and in the time and method of cover crop control may help to reduce the competition for nitrogen between maize and the living mulch.     

氮密互作对夏玉米物质生产及氮素利用的影响

以夏玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,对不同种植密度和不同施氮水平下夏玉米的物质生产和氮素利用状况进行了研究。结果表明,在中(67 500株/hm2)、高(82 500株/hm2)密度下,氮肥对玉米单株物质生产能力的调控作用更为明显,并主要是通过影响穗粒数来实现的。适量施氮,可促进顶部子粒发育,减少败育,使秃尖缩短、瘪粒数减少,增加穗粒数,增加产量;促进植物体吸收的氮素高效地向籽粒中分配,提高氮肥的利用效率;使玉米叶片维持较高的光合性能,为籽粒形成提供充足的光合碳量,并促进营养体碳氮向子粒运转。     

镉对植物光合作用及氮代谢影响研究进展

镉是毒性最强的环境污染物之一。植物中积累的镉可通过食物链进入人体,给人类健康带来潜在危害。镉能抑制植物生长,能使植物形态、生理生化及结构发生改变。镉可减少净光合速率,损伤光合器官;使叶绿素含量下降;抑制气孔开放,从而影响植物的光合作用;镉通过改变植物硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷胺酰氨合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)以及谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)的活性,进一步影响植物氮代谢过程。光合作用及氮代谢在植物生长发育过程中起着十分重要的作用,综述了重金属镉对植物光合作用及氮代谢的影响,并对其机理进行了探讨。     

施氮量对白肋烟生长发育及产量质量的影响

为了降低白肋烟上部叶烟碱含量偏高问题,确定适宜的施氮量,通过田间试验,研究了云南宾川白肋烟主栽品种TN90在不同施氮水平条件下白肋烟的生长发育及产、质量的变化。结果表明：不同施氮量对烟株农艺性状、烟叶产量、产值、外观品质、化学成分均有显著影响。株高、茎围、单株叶面积随施氮量的增加而上升,产值、均价和上等烟比例在适宜的施氮下表现较好。农艺性状、经济性状、品质性状综合比较,在云南宾川白肋烟产区以施氮270kg/ hm2为宜。     

玉米秸秆还田条件下冬灌时间与施氮方式对冬小麦生长发育及水肥利用效率的影响

为给玉米秸秆还田条件下冬小麦的水氮运筹提供依据,以小麦品种临优2069为材料,研究了山西省小麦-玉米一年两熟区玉米秸秆还田条件下冬灌时间和施氮方式对冬小麦生长发育及水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,随着冬前灌水时间的推迟,小麦总茎数、单株分蘖数、成穗数、产量、籽粒水分生产率、氮肥表观利用率均呈先升高后降低趋势,以11月25日冬灌的最高。在施氮量相同条件下,氮肥一次性底施(N10∶0)的拔节期总茎数、成穗数、产量、籽粒水分生产率和氮素吸收量、表观利用率高于氮肥70%底施+30%拔节期追施(N7∶3)处理,冬前总茎数、单株分蘖数则相反。冬前灌水时间提前和氮肥一次性底施有利于提高小麦前期单株干重;冬前灌水时间推迟和后期追氮则有利于灌浆期穗部和总干物质的积累。因此,山西省小麦-玉米一年两熟区,秸秆还田条件下氮肥采取一次性底施,并于11月25日冬灌,可实现冬小麦的高产高效栽培。     

玉米苗期氮素吸收利用效率差异及聚类分析

采用循环营养液培养法,研究安徽省23个玉米主推品种苗期吸收与积累氮素的差异.结果表明,在常氮(5 mmol/L)和高氮(45 mmol/L)水平下,玉米茎叶干重、总干重、叶面积、茎叶氮累积量和整株氮累积量的变异系数分别在0.34～0.58和0.35～0.51;其中,常氮和高氮条件下茎叶干重、总干重、叶面积、茎叶氮累积量和整株氮累积量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),其相关系数分别在0.529～0.998和0.821～0.995.以玉米茎叶干重、总干重、叶面积、茎叶氮累积量和整株氮累积量为玉米苗期氮高效评价指标,玉米苗期氮效率综合值在常氮和高氮水平下分别在0.199～1.113和0.216～1.128,其中,浚单20在常氮和高氮条件下的氮效率综合值均大于0.90,且聚类分析中均在第一类群,为氮高效品种.