施氮量对糯玉米产量及土壤氮动态的影响

研究了不同氮肥用量对糯玉米产量、氮肥利用率、铵态氮和硝态氮累积及其土壤剖面分布的影响。结果表明:适量施氮可提高作物产量,过量施氮未表现出增产效果,氮肥利用率降低,糯玉米的氮肥效应方程:Y=13189+28.50X-0.11X2。施氮量可显著影响土壤中硝态氮的累积和分布,但对铵态氮的影响较小。当施氮(N)量达到270kg/hm2水平时,土壤硝态氮累积量远高于其他施氮水平,增加了土壤硝态氮的残留,同时,因降雨或灌溉的作用而向下层土壤移动,造成硝态氮的淋失,对环境造成潜在威胁。     

不同种类硫肥对冬小麦光合性能和子粒产量性状的影响

为明确不同种类硫肥对小麦光合性能等性状的影响，进行了3种硫肥效果的比较研究。施用硫肥的处理都表现为旗叶光合速率提高，旗叶和倒三叶及各生育时期顶部功能叶的叶绿素含量提高，旗叶硝酸还原酶活性增强，且子粒产量及产量构成因素有所提高。在对提高光合速率、叶绿素含量和产量构成因素的效果上以石膏的效果最明显，硫酸铵次之，硫磺的效果最差，而在提高硝酸还原酶活性上却依次为硫酸铵、硫磺和石膏。     

夏花生覆膜对根瘤中固氮酶和叶片硝酸还原酶活性影响的研究

覆膜夏花生有利于根瘤菌的侵染和根瘤的形成，使花生早结瘤、多结瘤、早进行共生固覆；覆膜降低结荚以前的固氮酶活性，但有利于中后期固氮酶活性的提高和维持，可延缓根瘤衰老、延长根瘤固氮时间。覆膜对花生叶片硝酸还原酶活性（ＮＲＡ）的影响与固氮酶活性正好相反，结荚以前较高、中后期较低。与露地相比，覆膜花生前期利用土壤和肥料氮较多，而中后期则可主要靠根瘤固氮来提供氮素营养。     

Importance of organic nitrogen fractions in sandy soils,obtained by electro-ultrafiltration or CaCl2 extraction,for nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen uptake of rape

Summary Sandy soils have low reserves of mineral N in spring. Therefore organic-bound N is the most important pool available for crops. The objective of the present investigation was to study the importance of the organic-bound N extracted by electro-ultrafiltration and by a CaCl₂ solution for the supply of N to rape and for N mineralization. Mitscherlich-pot experiments carried out with 12 different sandy soils (Germany) showed a highly significant correlation between the organic N extracted (two fractions) and the N uptake by the rape (electroultrafiltration extract: r=0.76^***; CaCl₂ extract: r=0.76^***). Organic N extracted by both methods before the application of N fertilizer was also significantly correlated with N mineralization (electro-ultrafiltration extract: r=0.75^***; CaCl₂ extract: r=0.79^***). N uptake by the rape and the mineralization of organic N increased with soil pH and decreased with an increasing C:N ratio and an increasing proportion of sand in the soils. Ninety-eight percent of the variation in N uptake by the rape was determined by the differences in net mineralization of organic N. This show that in sandy soils with low mineral N reserves (NO _inf3 ^sup- -N, NH ₄ ⁺ -N) the organic soil N extracted by electro-ultrafiltration or CaCl₂ solutions indicates the variance in plant-available N. Total soil N was not related to the N uptake by plants nor to N mineralization.     

双阻离子选择性微电极测定活体不结球小白菜叶片细胞中硝酸根离子的活度

详细介绍了用双阻离子选择性微电极活体测定小白菜叶片活体细胞中硝酸根离子的活度的方法原理及注意事项。微电极与溶液中硝酸根离子的浓度呈对数曲线的关系,斜率为48～58mV,对硝酸根离子浓度有较低的检出限,是一种选择性高、灵敏、经济的测定植物活体细胞中离子活度的方法。小白菜生长至六叶期时,用含有5molm-3NO3-的营养液诱导48h。测定结果表明,叶片细胞中硝酸根离子活度分布在活度高低明显不同的两个区间内,在细胞质中是0.24～10molm-3,液泡中20～110molm-3,且两个区间在细胞跨膜电位上也有差异。液泡占整个细胞体积的90%,所以,植物所吸收的硝酸根离子都集中在液泡中。     

尿素和KNO3对水稻土无机氮转化过程和产物的影响Ⅱ.N2O生成过程

采用15N技术标记尿素和KNO3,研究了淹水条件下黄泥土和红壤性水稻土生成N2 O的主要过程。结果表明 ,黄泥土反硝化过程产物以N2 为主 ,N2 O的生成量可以略而不计。加入KNO3促进NO- 3异化还原成铵过程 ,从而增加N2 O生成速率。红壤性水稻土主要通过反硝化或好气反硝化过程生成N2 O ,随着土壤pH的提高或NO- 3 浓度升高 ,N2 O生成速率增大。无论是黄泥土还是红壤性水稻土 ,有相当一部分样本的N2 O的15N丰度在NO- 2 、NO- 3 、NH 4的15N丰度范围外 ,由此推论 ,氮转化生成N2 O的过程应在微生物细胞内进行。     

有机肥对油菜硝酸盐含量和土壤盐分累积的影响

探讨了不同C/N的有机肥对油菜生物量、硝酸盐含量以及土壤EC的影响。结果表明:施用低量氮肥,增施M1能够增加油菜的生物量,硝酸盐含量无显著变化;增施M2、M3,能够降低油菜生物量和硝酸盐含量。当N用量为N0.067g kg-1土时(300kg hm-2),增施M1,油菜生物量和硝酸盐含量无显著变化;增施M2、M3时,显著降低生物量和硝酸盐含量。施用高氮肥,增施三种有机肥显著增加油菜生物量,硝酸盐含量无显著变化。三种不同C/N的有机肥在低量氮肥时对土壤EC的影响不显著,在高氮量时,增施M1能够增加土壤EC,增施M2、M3能够降低土壤EC。     

菠菜叶片硝态氮还原对叶柄硝态氮含量的影响

选用3个菠菜品种,设置N.0.1和0.3.g/kg2个施氮水平进行盆栽试验。在不同时期采样测定叶片内、外源硝酸还原酶活性、硝态氮代谢/贮存库大小,以及加入外源硝态氮培养后叶片硝酸还原酶活性的变化,探讨菠菜叶片的硝态氮还原与叶柄硝态氮含量的关系。结果表明,叶片内源硝酸还原酶活性、内源/外源硝酸还原酶活性比值、叶片的硝态氮代谢库大小及代谢/贮存库比值与叶柄硝态氮含量呈相反趋势。加入外源硝态氮培养后叶片硝酸还原酶活性的增加程度与叶柄硝态氮含量相一致。叶片内源硝酸还原酶活性高低及其发挥程度,叶片硝态氮代谢库大小及硝态氮在代谢、贮存库中的分配是造成品种间叶柄硝态氮含量高低差异的重要原因。     

Nitrous oxide emissions from cattle-impacted pasture soil amended with nitrate and glucose

There is little information concerning N₂O fluxes in the pasture soil that has received large amounts of nutrients, such as urine and dung, for several years. The aims of this study were to (1) experimentally quantify the relationship between mineral N input and N₂O emissions from denitrification, (2) describe the time course of N₂O fluxes resulting in N inputs, and (3) find whether there exists an upper limit of the amount of nitrogen escaping the soil in the form of N₂O. The study site was a grassland used as a cattle overwintering area. It was amended with KNO₃ and glucose corresponding to 10–1,500 kg N and C per hectare, covering the range of nutrient inputs occurring in real field conditions. Using manual permanent chambers, N₂O fluxes from the soil were monitored for several days after the amendments. The peak N₂O emissions were up to 94 mg N₂O–N m⁻² h⁻¹, 5–8 h after amendment. No upper limit of N₂O emissions was detected as the emissions were directly related to the dose of nutrients in the whole range of amendments used, but the fluxes reflected the soil and environmental conditions, too. Thus, in three different experiments performed during the season, the total cumulative losses of N₂O–N ranged from 0.2 to 5.6% of the applied 500kg ha⁻¹. Splitting of high nutrient doses lowered the rate of N₂O fluxes after the first amendment, but the effect of splitting on the total amount of N₂O–N released from the soil was insignificant, as the initial lower values of emissions in the split variants were compensated for by a longer duration of gas fluxes. The results suggest that the cattle-impacted soil has the potential to metabolize large inputs of mineral nitrogen over short periods (∼days). Also, the emission factors for did not exceed values reported in literature.     

冬小麦冠层氮素及硝酸还原酶活性的垂直分布

为了探讨冬小麦冠层不同层次氮素及NRA分布规律，解释冠层氮素垂直分布差异的内在原因，对两个籽粒蛋白质含量不同的冬小麦品种进行了研究。结果表明，冬小麦叶片含氮量沿冠层垂直分布呈明显的梯度，自冠层顶部向下逯层降低。不同品种间存在差异，籽粒蛋白含量高的中优9507上部层次梯度大于籽粒蛋白含量低的京冬8号，下部层次则反之，后期中优9507与京冬8号下部层次的差异更为明显。硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)也自冠层顶部逐层降低，但其梯度变化趋势与含氮量变化趋势并不完全一致。中优9507NRA高于京冬8号，其垂直梯度值也高于京冬8号相应梯度。京冬8号上部叶片NRA与叶片含氮量具有较高的相关性，能较好地反映植株的氮素状况，而中优9507上、中部叶片NRA均可以反映其植株氮素状况。二者下层叶片NRA都表现出与叶片氮素消长的不同步性。